Household decorate decorate must know the basic common sense

Floor tile types should be not very familiar for us! So, they exactly what kinds! It's a lot of people don't know, then follow the lele and see it!

A, polishing brick


Polishing brick is a kind of higher luminosity of the surface of the brick after grinding. Its smooth surface wear resistance, suitable for use in some of the outer wall or on the adornment of the balcony, the craft that make most use of penetration technology, the effect of the antique, imitation wood can be made. Use of polishing brick can let whole space looks more bright.

Second, the bo changes a brick


Bo changes a brick is quartz sand and mud according to certain proportion burn becomes. Do not need polishing polished glow, the surface of bo changes a brick is as smooth as glass bright, it is one of the most hard all ceramic tile. Due to the appearance of the atmosphere by the vast number of consumers love.

Three, glazed tile,


Glazed pottery is made of clay, quartz and feldspar fire. Surface can make all sorts of different pattern and design, because the surface has glaze, its wear resistance is reduced. But the color of the glazed tile pattern rich, specification, easy to clean and prevent slippery, is widely used in our kitchen and toilet.

Fourth, the archaize brick


Archaize brick are introduced from abroad, is essentially glazed porcelain tiles. Archaize brick belongs to the ordinary ceramic tile, and disk is basically the same, the so-called antique, refers to the effect of the brick, should call effect of archaize ceramic tile.

Five, connect body brick


Is clastic rock body brick after high pressure pressing and into. The brick of high hardness, low water imbibition, good abrasion resistance. But relative to glazed tiles of design and color is very monotonous, but current interior design more and more tend to plain coloured design, connect fully brick use does not lose a kind of fashion, are now being widely used in our home court to decorate.

Six, Mosaic


Mosaic is the brick of means of a kind of special existence, it is general by tens of piece small brick comprises an opposite big brick. Basically is divided for Mosaic of pottery and porcelain, marble Mosaic, glass Mosaic. Applicable to small and exquisite, glow is widely used in, metope and ground of indoor small area the outdoor metope and ground.

The above content is the knowledge about types of floor tile, hope these knowledge can help you!

Light steel keel gypsum partition wall construction technology for cover panel

Light steel keel gypsum cover panel partition wall construction

1 scope
The technology standard is applicable to industrial and civil building, light steel keel gypsum cover panel wall installation.
2 construction preparation
2.1 material and main equipments:
2.1.1 light steel keel, currently USES light steel keel partition wall engineering mainly support card series keel and penetration series keel. Light steel keel master pieces along the top edge to the keel, strengthen the keel, vertical (horizontal) to the keel, lateral brace keel. Light steel keel accessories have supported CARDS, cato, Angle, fittings, fixed pieces, protect horn, seam pressure, etc. Light steel keel configuration should meet the design requirements. Keel should have product quality certification. Keel appearance should be smooth, straight edges and corners, transition Angle and crack is not permitted in trimming and burr, wheat flour may have serious pollution, corrosion and mechanical damage.
2.1.2 fastening material: nail, expansion bolts, galvanized self-tapping screws (2 mm thick gypsum board for 25 mm long screw, two layers of 12 mm thick gypsum board with 35 mm long screw), wood screw, etc., should meet the design requirements.
2. L. 3 filler material, glass wool, mineral wool board, rock wool board, etc., choose according to the requirements of design.
2.1.4 gypsum board, gypsum board should have product certification. Specification shall conform to the requirements of design drawings. The general specification is as follows:
Length: according to the project need to be sure;
Width: 1200 mm and 900 mm;
Thickness: 9.5 mm, 12 mm, 15 mm, 18 mm, 25 mm. Commonly used to 12 mm.
2.1.5 seams material: joint putty, glass fiber tape (cloth), 107 glue.
2.1.5.1 WKF seam putty: > 3.0 MPa compressive strength, flexural strength > 1.5 MPa, final set time > 0.5 h.
2.1.5.2 50 mm in alkali glass fiber and glass fiber grid cloth:
> 80 g/m2, 8 orders/in
Breaking strength: 25 mm x 100 mm cloth, warp > 300 n
Zonal > 150 n
8.1.6 main machines: panel saw, electric scissors, electric tapping drill, electric saw, electric hand drill, nail gun, dc arc welding machine, scraper, line fall, on foot, etc.
2.2 operation conditions:
2.2.1 the main structure acceptance, waterproof layer roof have been finished.
2.2.2 indoor pop-up + 50 cm elevation lines.
2.2.3 homework environment temperature should not be lower than 5 ℃.
2.2.4 familiar with drawings, and makes detailed technical clarificaiton to operation team.
2.2.5 according to drawings and material plan, verify partition all the materials, so that it is complete.
2.2.6 the main structure of brick masonry walls, column, should be in partition junction, according to a 1000 mm distance between embedded anticorrosive wood brick.
2.2.7 pillow design requirements partition have land, should be to C20 pillow with the construction of fine stone concrete and strength to achieve more than 10 mpa, can the installation of light steel keel.
2.2.8 first as sample wall, identified after passing another large-scale construction.
3 the construction technology
3.1 process:
Pillow with line, step to do (design requirements) - fixed along the top, along keel -

Fixed frame to install vertical keel, keel installation to install additional keel, door, window frame

To check the keel installation, electrical installation support keel laying GuanAn attached to install the masks panel, equipment

Sound insulation material to cover installation on the other side panel, fill joints and corner protector to quality inspection, processing

3.2 line, step: in the partition wall on both sides of the upper and lower and substrate of place, should according to the width of the keel line. Play line clear, position accurately. According to the requirements of design, the combination of cover panel length, width step, to determine the vertical keel; The location of the cross arm and additional keel.
3.3 as a pillow with: when the design requirements, according to the design requirements for bean pillow with concrete. Pillow for land should die, beans cast concrete shall be compacted.
3.4 fixed along the item, along keel; Along the line location along a fixed, along the keel, nail or expansion bolt are available, and fixed point spacing should be not more than 600 mm, keel to scoop out flat.
3.5 fixed frame keel: along the elastic line position fixed frame keel, keel line should be with the line. End should be fixed, fastening point of the keel spacing should be no greater than lm, should be fixed firmly.
Border, between the keel and matrix seals shall be installed according to design requirements.
3.6 when choosing support card series keel, should first will support card installed on the vertical keel opening, card from 400 ~ 600 mm, distance from opposite sides of the keel is 20 ~ 25 mm.
3.7 installation should be perpendicular to the vertical keel, keel spacing should be in accordance with the requirements of design layout. Design requirements, the spacing can be according to the width, such as width of 900 mm, 900 mm, the distance between 453 mm and 603 mm respectively.
3.8 when choosing flux penetration series keel, below 3 m partition to install a; 3 ~ 5 m partition to install two; Install three more than 5 m.
3.9 cover panel transverse seams, if not on the along the top, along keel, should add lateral brace keel plate seam.
3.10 doors and Windows or special node, with additional keel, installation should meet the design requirements.
3.11 for special structure partition keel installation (such as curved surface, inclined partition, etc.), should comply with the design requirements.
3.12 electrical laying, installation of equipment: wall embedded pipes and attached equipment according to the requirements of drawings. A simultaneous requirements and the installation of the keel, or on the other side as gypsum board before, and local strengthening measures, fixed firmly. Electrical equipment laying pipelines in the wall, should avoid to cut off the horizontal, vertical keel, at the same time avoid set bottom line along the wall.
3.13 keel check correction reinforcement: cover panel before installation, should check degree of solid skeleton, partition door window frames, all kinds of attached equipment, pipeline installation and fixed meets the design requirements. If you have weak place, should be reinforced. Keel vertical deviation should be 3 mm or less, the facade surface uneven should be 2 mm or less.
3.14 installation gypsum cover panel:
3.14.1 plasterboard appropriate vertical laid, long side (i.e., bag sealing side) joint should fall on the vertical keel. Only partition for firewall, gypsum board should be vertical.
Plasterboard used appropriate lateral surface wall laid.
3.1.4.2 keel gypsum board and keel on either side of the side of the inside and outside two layer plasterboard should arrange staggered joints, joint shall not fall on the same root keel.
3.1.4.3 plasterboard used self-tapping screws. Along the drywall screw spacing around should not be greater than 200 mm, the middle section should not be greater than 300 mm screw spacing, screw and plate on the edge of the distance should be 10 to 16 mm.
3.14.4 installing a plasterboard, should from the plate to the plate in the middle of the four fixed edges, nail head slightly into the plate, but shall not damage the paper. Gypsum putty screeding nailhole applications.
3.14.5 plasterboard should use whole board. For docking, close to, but not crush in place.
3.14.6 partition wall around the end of gypsum board and wall or column should leave 3 mm slot. When construction, in the slot first filling sealing paste, then planking, squeeze the sealing paste and the adjacent surface close contact.
3.14.7 install firewall gypsum board, gypsum board shall be fixed on along the top, along keel, should be fixed up cross brace keel.
3.14.8 clapboard bottom as skirting board covered with wood, from the ground cover panel should be 20 ~ 30 mm; Marble, terrazzo, skirting board, the bottom cover panel should be flush with skirting board hooks, seam tightly.
3.14.9 laying within the walls of glass wool. Mineral wool board, rock wool board, such as filling material, plasterboard of face and installation on the other side at the same time, filling materials should be covered with smooth.
3.15 joints and protect horn handle:
3.15.1 gypsum board wall joint practice has three forms, namely, flat seam, concave joint seam and layering. Generally do flat seam is more, according to the following procedures:
3.15.1.1 gypsum board installation, the juncture place should be appropriate seam (usually 3 ~ 6 mm), and must be groove into the groove. Seam aggradation clean, after a 50% concentration of 107 glue solution.
3.15.1.2 with a small spatula sew WKF seams putty embedded plate, plate seam is covered in embedded real, scrape to evenness with mouth. To be bored with child after dry, to check whether there is crack sealing place, if any, to analyze the reason of crack, and caulking.
3.15.1.3 at the joint groove about LMM thick WKF putty scraping, and then paste the glass fiber tape, scrape to evenness compaction.
3.15.1.4 when putty solidifies and while they are still in the wet state, again a WKF putty, glass fiber with embedded in putty, fill leveling and joints.
3.15. L. 5 internal Angle seam processing method with flat seam.
3.15.2 Yang Angle according to the following methods:
3.15.2.1 Yang Angle paste two layers of glass fiber cloth, Angle on both sides have turned the 100 mm, paste method with flat sewing processing, surface scrape to evenness with WKF putty.
Article 3.15 2.2 when the design requirements for metal corner protector, according to the design requirements of position, height, a layer of putty scraping first, then use the galvanized nails fixed metal article kok, scrape to evenness with putty.
3.16 after being joints putty dry, to check whether there is crack plate joint, crack is found, must analyze the reason, take effective measures to overcome, otherwise cannot access panel decoration construction.
4 quality standards
4.1 ensure projects:
4.4.1 light steel keel, gypsum cover panel must have a product certificate, its varieties, type, specification should comply with the design requirements.
Inspection method: inspect the product certificate, and check control drawings.
4.1.2 light steel keel, fastening material should meet the design requirements and construction features. Installation of light steel frame should guarantee the stiffness, shall not be bent out of shape. Skeleton and matrix structure of connection should be strong, no loose phenomenon.
Inspection method: hand push and pull inspection and observation.
4.1.3 wall structure and horizontal laying should comply with the design requirements of gypsum board, the installation must be strong. Gypsum board shall not be affected with damp be affected with damp, warping deformation, lack of edge Angle, delaminating, fracture, thickness should be consistent.
Inspection method: hand push check and observation.
4.2 the basic items:
2 light steel skeleton along the top, along keel should be correct and the relative vertical position. Vertical keel should set a step accurately and integrity, no deformation, with expansion amount according to regulations (usually vertical keel length shorter than net 30 mm), nail spacing should comply with the requirements.
Inspection method: to observe the examination.
4.2.2 panel surface level off, clean, no hammer, spacing, nail nailed a should comply with the design requirements.
Inspection method: to observe the examination.
Holdings cover panel seam form should comply with the design requirements, joint and layering width is consistent, flat seam should be smooth, no cracks.
Inspection method: to observe the examination.
4.3 allowable deviation projects:
Light steel keel gypsum cover panel partition allowable deviation are shown in table 9 to 14.
5 finished product protection
5.1 in light steel frame partition wall construction, each work teams shall ensure that installed project from being damaged, wire and tube and attached to the wall inside the wall equipment shall not touch moving, dislocation and damage.
5.2 light steel keel and gypsum board, storage in use process should be properly kept, ensure no deformation, not be affected with damp be affected with damp, no pollution, no damage.
5.3 construction parts installed Windows and doors, floor, walls, window, should pay attention to protect, prevent damage.
5.4 installed good wall shall not collision, keep the walls from being damaged and pollution.
6 should pay attention to quality problems
6.1 cover board is slit light steel keel gypsum panel partition quality common fault. Can overcome plate slit, focus on the board alone sewing processing, must be taken into account. Light steel keel structure is reasonable, first should have certain stiffness; Second, deformation of gypsum board can't be affected with damp be affected with damp, and light steel keel nailed to a solid; Three is juncture putty to fastidious, ensure that wall slip deformation when the joint is not open; Four is joint to be careful, in strict accordance with the operation process of construction. Only the comprehensive treatment, to overcome the common faults plate slit.
 
Light steel keel stone cover panel partition allowable deviation table 9-14
Will project allowable deviation check method (mm)
1 keel vertical 3 2 m line board check
2 3 feet, light steel keel keel spacing quantity check
3 keel flat 2 m by 2 feet check
4 surface is flat and level 3 m by 2 feet
5 cover panel facade vertical 4 2 m line board check
6 seam straight 3 5 m line inspection
7 seam height 1 with feeler check
8 bead bead flat 3 5 m line inspection
9 layering spacing 2 feet quantity check

6.2 more than 12 m long wall should be according to the design requirements for controlling deformation seam, to prevent because of the influence of temperature and humidity to produce wall deformation and fracture.
6.3 into the winter temperature period and has yet to live room, should control the heating temperature, and pay attention to open a window ventilated, to prevent the hot deformation and cracks.
6.4 light steel frame connection is not strong, the reason is that local nodes do not conform to the requirements of the structure, the partial node when installation should strictly in accordance with the regulations on the graph, nailed spacing, location, connection method should meet the design requirements.
6.5 cover wall panel, majority is caused by two reasons: one is the keel installation horizontal displacement; The second is gypsum board thickness is not consistent.
6.6 Ming concave joint not divide evenly, gypsum board pull seam size is not very good mastery, step size, and pay attention to during the construction of plate guarantee between seam is consistent.
7 quality records
This technology standard should have the following quality records:
7.1 light steel keel product certificate.
7.2 drywall product certificate.
7.3 the keel installation engineering quality inspection record separately.
7.4 paper gypsum cover panel component project quality inspection records.

Pipeline and equipment corrosion process

Piping and equipment corrosion

1 scope
This technology standard is suitable for indoor and outdoor pipeline corrosion protection engineering, equipment and containers.
2 construction preparation
2.1 material requirements:
2.1.1 anti-rust paint, paint, asphalt, etc have factory certification.
2.1.2 thinner, gasoline, kerosene, alcohol acid thinners, rosin water, alcohol, etc.
2.1.3 other materials: kaolin, seven asbestos, lime powder or powder, glass fiber cloth, cotton paper, linoleum, kraft paper, plastic sheeting, etc.
2.2 the main equipment:
2.2.1 equipment: spray gun, air compressor, diamond grinding wheel, derusting machine, etc.
2.2.2 tools: scraper, file, wire brush, emery cloth, abrasive paper, brush pot, cotton silk, asphalt, etc.
2.3 operation conditions:
2.3.1 have shelved pipes, equipment, containers and rotting operation site.
2.3.2 construction in more than 5 ℃, environment temperature and ventilation is good, no soot, dust and moisture, etc. Construction to take the temperature below 5 ℃ in winter measures.
3 operation process
3.1 process:
Piping, equipment and container cleaning, derusting, piping, equipment, and brush container anticorrosive oil

3.2 piping, equipment and container cleaning, derusting,
3.2.1 artificial cleaning:
Scraper, file the oxide coating on the surface of the pipe, equipment and containers, casting sand, with a wire brush to piping, equipment, and floating to remove rust on the surface of the container, then use sand paper burnish, finally wipe it with the cotton silk.
3.2.2 mechanical descaling:
Use knife, file first oxide coating on the surface of the pipe, sand casting, removed. Then a person before derusting machine, one after the derusting machine, pipe is placed within the derusting machine repeatedly derusting, until bared metal color. Before brushing oil, use cotton silk wipe again, its surface float ash, etc.
3.3 piping, equipment and container anticorrosive oil brush:
3.3.1 piping, equipment, and the container valve, general anticorrosion brush oil, according to the design requirements when the design requirements, shall be in accordance with the following provisions:
3.3.1.1 Ming pipe, equipment and container must first brush anti-rust paint, stay two paint is brushed again before commissioning. For insulation and condensation prevention requirement should brush anti-rust paint.
3.3.1.2 dark piping, equipment and container to brush two antirust paint, the name of the second antirust paint must be the first line of paint brush after dry. And antirust paint consistency to be appropriate.
3.3.1.3 anticorrosive coating of buried pipe, its outer wall corrosion protection layer shall be conducted according to table 1-39.
When winter construction, appropriate USES rubber solvent oil or aviation gasoline melting 30 asphalt or 30 b. The weight ratio: asphalt, gasoline = 1:2.
3.3.2 rainfall distribution on 10-12 anticorrosive coating method has two kinds:
3.3.2.1 manual brushing: manual besmear brushs should be layered coating, each layer should be, reciprocating, maintain uniform coating, shall not leak or flow.
3.3.2.2 machinery coating: coating spray paint flow with spray paint surface vertical, spray paint surface is flat, nozzle and spray paint surface should be 250 ~ 350 mm apart, spray paint surface such as the circular arc surface, nozzle and spray paint surface distance should be about 400 mm. When spraying, the movement of the nozzle should be uniform, speed should be kept in 10 ~ 18 m/min, spray paint using compressed air pressure is 0.2 ~ 0.4 MPa.
3.3.3 of buried pipeline corrosion protection:
Buried pipeline coating is mainly composed of base oil, cold asphalt emperor fat, waterproofing and kraft paper, etc.
3.3.3.1 cold priming oil components are shown in table 1 to 40.
Pipeline anticorrosive coating types - 39 in table 1
Anticorrosion layers of time (normal) from the metal surface coating strengthening anticorrosion coating, anticorrosive coating
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Coating thickness is not less than (mm)
Priming oil thickness allowable deviation (mm) cold
Asphalt coating
Outsourcing protective layer

3
0.3 adhesive bitumen primer
Asphalt coating
Strengthen the binding layer (seal)
Asphalt coating
Outsourcing protective layer

6
0.5 adhesive bitumen primer
Asphalt coating
Strengthen the protection layer (seal)
Asphalt coating
Strengthen the binding layer (seal)
Asphalt coating
Outsourcing protective layer
9
0.5
Note: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Strengthen the bandaged with glass cloth layer, shall apply a cold priming oil seal;
Do anti-corrosion dressing in layers, joint lap length of 30 ~ 50 mm, outsourcing protective layer, lap length of 10 ~ 20 mm;
Not connected intermitting position of interface or construction should be done on each floor contraction of 80 ~ 100 mm stepwise summer-planting;
Besmear brushs anticorrosive priming oil cold should be uniform, thickness is 0.1 ~ 0.15 mm;
Cold priming oil mixture ratio: the weight of the asphalt: gasoline = 1:2.25.

Cold priming oil composition table 1 to 40
Using a piece of asphalt, gasoline (weight ratio) asphalt, gasoline (volume ratio)
In the temperature + 5 ℃ above
The temperature below + 5 ℃ 1:2.25 ~ 2.5
1, 2, 1, 3
1:2.5

The refrigeration priming oil asphalt, asphalt is a brand for 30 architecture. Before stewing, the asphalt into small pieces under 1.5 kg, clean up the pan with asphalt, rising up and stirring, and keep the temperature within the range of 180 ~ 200 ℃ (highest do not exceed 220 ℃), the general should be made under this temperature 1.5 ~ 2.5 hours, until does not produce bubbles, it indicates that the dehydration. According to the mixture will be cooled to 100 ~ 120 ℃ dehydration asphalt slowly in measuring good unleaded gasoline, and keep stirring until completely mixing.
Within 24 hours after cleaning pipe surface brush adhesive bitumen primer, coating should be uniform and the thickness of 0.1 ~ 0.15 mm.
3.3.3.2 emperor of proportion of fat: asphalt asphalt: kaolin = 3:1.
A building asphalt asphalt should be 30 and 10 or 30 armor construction of asphalt mixture. Temperature at 180 ~ 200 ℃ to add dryness and dehydration asphalt heating to 120 ~ 140 ℃ of kaolin, stirring constantly, make its mixed evenly. Softening point and then determine asphalt emperor fat, extension, three technologies such as penetration index, reaches the prescribed in table 1-41 for qualified.
Besmear foam asphalt when emperor fat, its temperature should be kept in 160 ~ 180 ℃, construction temperature is above 30 ℃, the temperature can be reduced to 150 ℃. Hot asphalt emperor grease should be applied in cold dry clean base oil, uniform coating. The innermost asphalt emperor fat as a painted the foam, with artificial or half mechanization should be divided into the second floor, each layer of 1.5 ~ 2 mm thick.
3.3.3.3 waterproofing materials generally USES mineral wool paper linoleum or have a cold glass of priming oil net cloth, spiral wrap bag on the hot asphalt tamar emperor lipid layer, each lap is allowed no greater than 5 mm gap between or take sides, front and back coil of lap length is 80 ~ 100 mm, with hot asphalt emperor fat will glue joint.
Asphalt emperor fat technical indicators table 1-41
Construction temperature
Medium temperature (℃)
(℃) softening point method (global)
(℃) extension degree (+ 25 ℃)
(cm) penetration
(0.1 mm)

- 25 ~ + 5
- 25 ~ + 25
+ 25 ~ + 56
+ 56 ~ + + 56 70 ~ + 75
+ 80 ~ + 90
+ 85 ~ + 90 3 ~ 4
2 ~ 3
2 ~ 3 -
25 to 35
20 ~ 25

+ 5 ~ + 30
- 25 ~ + 25
+ 25 ~ + 56
+ 56 ~ + 70 + 70 ~ + 80
+ 80 ~ + 90
+ 90 ~ + 95 2.5 ~ 3.5
2 ~ 3
1.5 ~ 2.5 15 ~ 25
10 ~ 20
10 ~ 20

More than 30 +
- 25 ~ + 25
+ 25 ~ + 56
+ 56 ~ + 70 + 70 ~ + 90
+ 90 ~ + 95
+ 90 ~ + 95 2 ~ 3
1.5 ~ 2.5
1.5 ~ 2.5 -
10 ~ 20
10 ~ 20

3.3.3.4 wrapped package kraft paper, each lap due on 15 ~ 20 mm, between before and after the two volumes of lap length is not less than 100 mm, joint with hot asphalt emperor fat or cold priming oil glue. Kraft paper, also can use PVC plastic sheeting or no cold glass of priming oil mesh fabric.
3.3.3.5 to make strong anti-corrosion layer, two waterproof coil winding direction should be the opposite.
3.3.3.6 anticorrosive coating of pipe have been made when lifting, should use soft straps or not damaged cords of anticorrosive coating, so as not to damage the coating. Pipe ditch before the mucking, to make bottom level off, without stone, brick and tile or other debris. Upper if very hard, should be in the groove bedding 100 mm soft fine soil, under the pipe ditch, forbid to use crowbar tube, more may not be directly push pipe trench.
3.3.3.7 anticorrosive coating on all defects, unqualified place and ditches under inspection and damaged parts, repair should be before the trench backfilling, backfill, appropriate to use a layer of fine soil backfilled, buried pipe roof, and then with artificial or mechanical backfill.
4 quality standards
4.1 ensure projects:
4.4.1 of buried pipeline coating shall meet the following requirements:
Material and structure in accordance with the rules and regulations of the design requirements and construction. Coil and pipe and stickup and firm, between each layer coil surface level off, without buckling, empty drum, defects such as sliding and sealing is lax.
Test method: to observe the cut or coating inspection.
4.1.2 pipeline, box type and metal stents painting shall meet the following requirements:
Times comply with the design requirements, types and besmear brushs paint adhesion is good, without peeling, blister and the coating, the film thickness uniformity, colour and lustre is consistent, no flow drop and pollution phenomenon.
Inspection method: to observe the examination.
5 finished product protection
5.1 anticorrosion coating of pipeline and equipment has been completed to be separated, not adhesion, lest destroy the anti-corrosion layer.
5.2 oil brush to clean up the surrounding environment before, to prevent the dust float in the sky, keep clean, in case of strong wind, rain, fog, snow can not open.
5.3 paint of piping, equipment and containers, lacquer layer in the process of drying should prevent freezing, impact, vibration and temperature, radical changes.
6 should pay attention to quality problems
6.1 pipe surface peeling rust and return. The main reason is not pipe derusting net.
6.2 pipe, equipment and container, uneven surface paint flow falling or leakage phenomenon, mainly oil brush with paint too much and not serious.
7 should possess the quality of the record
7.1 anti-rust paint, paint, asphalt material such as dolphin diluent should have the factory certificate.
7.2 should approach the acceptance record.
7.3 before the pipeline and equipment anticorrosion engineering records.
7.4 after the completion of the acceptance record.

Steel bar electroslag pressure welding construction technology

Steel bar electroslag pressure welding
1 scope
The technology standard is applicable to industrial and civil construction in the cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure Ⅰ 14 ~ 40 mm in diameter to Ⅱ vertical or diagonal (tilt 4:1) reinforcing bar connection.
2 construction preparation
2.1 material and main equipments:
2.1.1 reinforced: reinforced level, diameter must comply with the design requirements, have the factory certificate and retest report. Imported steel shall also have the chemical second-round exam list, its chemical composition should meet the requirements of welding, and shall have the solderability test.
2.1.2 flux.
2.2.2.1 flux performance shall comply with the terms of GB5293 carbon steel submerged arc welding with flux. Flux models for HJ401, commonly used for smelting high manganese manganese in high silicon low fluoride flux or high silicon low fluoride flux.
2.1.2.2 flux should be stored in dry warehouse, prevent to be affected with damp be affected with damp. If be affected with damp be affected with damp, before use must be approved by 250 ~ 300 ℃ for 2 h.
2.1.2.3 use recycling flux, should remove slag and sundry, and should be evenly mixed with the new flux used.
2.1.2.4 flux should be the factory certificate.
2.1.3 main machines:
2.1.3.1 manual electroslag pressure welding equipment including: welding power source, control box, the welding jig, flux tank, etc.
2.1.3.2 automatic electroslag pressure welding equipment (preferred) including: welding power source, control box, box operation, welding head, etc.
2.1.3.3 welding power source. Steel bar electroslag pressure welding appropriate USES secondary high no-load voltage (TSV) of ac or dc welding power source. (32 mm diameter and the following general steel welding, the welding power supply capacity of 600 a can be used; more than 32 mm diameter and steel welding, the welding power supply capacity should be adopted for 1000 a). When the welding machine capacity is small, also can use smaller capacity of the same model, with the performance of the two parallel machine.

2.2 operation conditions
2.2.1 welder must hold a valid welder examination certificate.
2.2.2 equipment should comply with the requirements. Welding jig should have enough stiffness, under the maximum allowable load should be mobile and flexible, easy to operate. The diameter of the solder pot, ADAPTS to the rebar diameter welding does not burn out in the welding process. Voltmeter, time display should be equipped so that the operator grasp accurately the welding parameters.
Then the power should comply with the requirements. When the power supply voltage drop is greater than 5%, it is unfavorable to welding.
2.2.4 job site shall have security protection measures, formulate and implement the safety technical measures, strengthen labor protection welders, prevent burns, electric shock, fire, explosion and burning machine.
2.2.5 note joint position, pay attention to the same extent in joint reinforced area percentage, does not conform to the concrete structure engineering construction and acceptance standard "regulations on terms, to adjust the joint position before welding.
3 operation process
3.1 process:
Check equipment, power supply - reinforced end preparation - choose to installation of welding jig and reinforced, welding parameters

 

Put the wire ball (or save) - put flux irrigation, flux filled - try welding, a specimen to determine welding parameters,

Welds - recycling flux to unload jig, quality inspection

3.1.1 electroslag pressure welding process:
Closed circuit to arc, arc power to electroslag process, extrusion process

3.2 check equipment, power supply, ensure the normal state of the at any time, it is strictly prohibited to overload.
3.3 bar end preparation:
Prior to installation, welding parts and steel electrode jaw contact (150) mm segment of steel on the surface of a rusty spot, oil pollution, sundry goods and so on, should be clean, reinforced side if there is bent, and twisted, must be paid to the straightening or resection, but shall not use the hammer straightening.
3.4 choose welding parameters:
Steel bar electroslag pressure welding welding parameters mainly include: welding current, welding voltage and welding current time, see table 4-23.
Different diameter steel welding, according to the small diameter steel bar to select parameters, welding current extended by about 10%.
3.5 installation of welding jig and reinforced: fixture clamping jaw under next reinforced end position, generally for 1/2 flux tank height below 5 ~ 10 mm, to ensure that the soldering flux has enough YanMai depth.
After reinforcement into the fixture on the jaw, alignment, the starting point of the moving clamp, the fluctuation of steel welding parts in coaxial state,

 

Steel bar electroslag pressure welding welding parameter table 4-23
Steel welding welding voltage (V) welding current time (s)
The diameter of
(mm) current
(A) arc process
U2-1 electroslag process
U2-2 arc process
T1 electroslag process
t2
16, 200 ~ 200 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 27 14 April
18 250 ~ 250 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 27 15 May
20, 300 ~ 300 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 27 17 May
22 350 ~ 350 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 27 June 18
25, 400 ~ 450 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 27 June 21
28 500 ~ 550 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 24 June 27
32, 600 ~ 650 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 27 July 27
36, 700 ~ 750 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 27 thirty eight
40, 850 ~ 850 40 ~ 45 22 ~ 27 to 33

Before clamping bar.
Reinforced once clamping, beware of shaking, in order to avoid deformation of reinforced dislocation and fixture.
3.6 arc was laid with wire ball (also). Fill in solder flux tank, was laid.
3.7 test weld, as a specimen, determine welding parameters: before the formal for steel bar electroslag pressure welding, should be carried out in accordance with the choice of welding parameter test welding and specimen test, in order to determine the reasonable welding parameters. Qualified before formal production. When using semi-automatic welding equipment, automatic control, should according to determine the parameters of the equipment of various control data set, in order to ensure weld quality is reliable.
3.8 the welding operation point.
3.8.1 closed loop, arc: through the lever or the switch on the control box, through to the current welding machine circuit and the power of input circuit, between reinforced end arc ignition, start welding.
3.8.2 arc process: after arc ignition, should be controlled voltage value. Borrow rib joystick kept certain spacing between reinforced face up and down, arc process time delay, the flux are melting and the formation of the necessary depth of slag pool.
3.8.3 electroslag process: then gradually under the steel bar, steel bar end is inserted in the history of the slag pool, arc extinguishing, in the process of electroslag latency, make whole section steel melts faster.
3.8.4 extrusion power: electroslag process ended, and quickly to steel bar, the bar face under transverse and touch each other, strike out of slag and molten metal. At the same time to cut off the welding power source.
3.8.5 welding joint, should rest after 20 ~ 30 s (welds in cold area, the rest time should be appropriately extended), recycled flux and unload welding jig.
3.9 quality check: in the steel bar electroslag pressure welding in the welding production, welding shall be carried out seriously self-checking, if discover the eccentric, bending, welding defects such as burns, welding is not full, should remove heavy welding joint, and find the reason, eliminate in a timely manner. Removal of joint, reinforcement of heat affected zone, namely the weld center about 1.1 times the length of the steel bar diameter within the scope of the part should be removed.
4 quality standards
4.1 ensure project;
4.4.1 quality and varieties of steel, must comply with the design requirements and the provisions of the relevant standards.
Note: imported steel should first through chemical composition test and welding test, accord with the relevant provisions of the rear can welding.
Inspection method: inspect the factory quality certificate and test report.
4.1.2 of the specifications of the steel bar, the position of the welding joint, the same section with joint reinforced area percentage, must comply with the design requirements and norms.
Methods: to observe the or feet quantity check.
4.1.3 electroslag pressure welding head mechanical performance testing must be qualified.
From each batch of joint mechanical properties test, taking three random joint in tensile test.
4.1.3.1 in general structure, level with 300 steel joint as a batch.
4.1.3.2 in cast-in-place reinforced concrete multilayer structure, with each floor or construction section of the level of steel joint as a group, are still less than 300 joint as a batch.
Inspection method: inspect welding specimens in the test report.
4.2 basic items: reinforcing steel bar electroslag pressure welding head should carry on appearance inspection, the results shall meet the following requirements:
2 welding package is relatively uniform, highlights at least above 4 mm steel surface.
4.2.2 electrodes in contact with the steel bar, no obvious burn defect.
Holdings of joint bending Angle is not greater than 4 °.
4.2.4 the joint axis deviation should be less than 0. L steel bar diameter, at the same time is not more than 2 mm.
Appearance inspection unqualified should remove heavy welding joint, or to take remedial measures.
Test method: visual or measurement.
5 finished product protection
Welding joint, should stop to unload fixture after 20 ~ 30 s, in order to avoid bending joint.
6 should pay attention to quality problems
6.1 in the steel bar electroslag pressure welding production, should pay attention to any link of the whole welding process. Joint parts should be clean; Reinforced installation should be solidarity; Fixture fastening, fight shake; Arc ignition process, and strive to reliable; Arc process, time delay, electroslag process, short and stable; Extrusion process, the pressure properly. If the abnormal phenomenon. Should consult table 4 to 24 search reason, keep clear of in time.
6.2 electroslag pressure welding in minus temperature conditions, but when the environment temperature is below - 20 ℃, is unfavorable for welding.
Rain and snow is unfavorable for welding, welding must be applied when the cover of the effective measures should be taken. Not cooling after welding joint, should avoid touching the ice and snow.
7 quality records
This technology standard should have the following quality records:
7.1 steel factory quality certificate or test report.
7.2 flux qualifier.
7.3 second interview report reinforced mechanical properties.
7.4 imported steel chemical composition inspection report and solderability test report. Domestic reinforced brittle fracture occurred during machining process, welding performance and mechanical performance is obviously not normal, should have a chemical composition inspection report.
7.5 steel joint tensile test report.

 

Steel bar electroslag pressure welding head welding defects and the prevent measures in table 4 to 24
The items are welding defect prevention measures

1. Straightening steel ends
2. Correct installation jig and reinforced
3. Avoid excessive extrusion
4. Repair or replace the fixture in a timely manner
1. Straightening steel ends
2. Pay attention to the bar on the installation and support
3. Avoid excessive discharge after welding fixture
4. Repair or replace the fixture

3

Welding thin and big package 1. Reduce spinning speed
2. Decrease the welding current
3. To reduce welding time
1. Reduce the welding current
2. The welding time
3. Pay attention to the starting point of the jaw, to ensure that the steel bar extrusion in place

5

Not solder
1. Increase the welding current
2. Avoid welding time is too short
3. The inspection jig, ensure reinforcement under freely

6

Welding package uneven
1. The steel bar end to level off
2. The loading flux uniform as far as possible
3. To extend the time of welding, appropriate increase the fusion quality

7

Gas hole
1. According to the specified requirements for flux
2. Remove steel welding parts of the rust
3. Ensure the embedment depth by welding in flux
1. Reinforced conductive parts remove all rust
2. The clamping bar as far as possible
1. To seal leakage flux tank hole
2. Avoid too fast recovery after welding flux

Lamps and lanterns, ceiling installation process

Lamps and lanterns, ceiling installation
1 scope
This technology standard is suitable for indoor and outdoor electrical lighting, lamps and lanterns and ceiling installation. Does not apply to special places, such as mines, ships, electric lighting lamps and lanterns and ceiling installation.

2 construction preparation
2.1 material requirements:
2.1.1 various lamps and lanterns: the type and specification of lamps and lanterns must comply with the design requirements and the provisions of the national standard. Wiring is strictly forbidden in the lamp, light fittings is complete, no mechanical damage, deformation, the paint peeling, chimney rupture, light box tilt up wait for a phenomenon. All the lamps and lanterns should have product certificate.
2.1.2 conductor: lamps and lanterns lighting lamps and lanterns use wire should not be lower than the voltage grade of ac 500 v, the smallest wire core section shall comply with the requirements shown in table 3 to 37.
2.1.3 ceiling fans: it must comply with the design requirements, specifications, blade deformation phenomenon, can not have a derrick should be considered when the boom length, straightness, and the product certificate.
2.1.4 plastic (wood) : plastic should have sufficient strength, stress after no warpage deformation, etc; Wooden table shall be complete, no split. The paint in good condition without loss.
Wire core minimum allowed section table 3-37
Wire core minimum cross section (was)
Copper lines to soft copper wire aluminum

Lighting lamp holder line
Civil building indoor
Industrial building indoor
0.4 outside room
0.5
1.0 0.5
0.8
1.0 2.5
2.5
2.5
Living with 0.4 --
Made with 1.0 --

2.1.5 crane tube: using steel pipe as lamps and lanterns hanging pipe, steel pipe diameter is generally not less than 10 mm.
2.1.6 hook: lanterns hook the round steel not less than the diameter of hanging pin diameter, and shall not be less than 6 mm; Ceiling fans should not be less than the diameter of pin hang the hook, and shall not be less than 10 mm.
2.1.7 porcelain connector: should be intact, all accessories complete.
2.1.8 stents, must according to the weight of the lamps and lanterns chooses the corresponding specifications of the galvanized material support.
2.1.9 lamp fixture (paw) : plastic lamp fixture (paw) may not have crack and defect phenomenon.
2.1.10 other materials: expansion tube, wood screws, bolts, nuts, washers, springs, lamp holder iron, galvanized iron wire, lamp, lamp, fluorescent lamp feet, bulb, tube, ballast, capacitor, electric fluorescent starter, electric fluorescent starter holder, fuse, hanging box (flange), soft plastic pipes, comfortable, chain hoist, wire clip, chimney, nylon nets, solder, flux, rosin, alcohol), rubber insulation tape, glue plastic belt, black tape, emery cloth, cloth, asbestos cloth, etc.
2.2 the main equipment:
2.2.1 red pencil drops, tape, string cable, wire, spirit level, gloves, belts, cone.
2.2.2 hammer and chisel, hacksaw, saw blade, pressure case, flat file, round file, stripping pliers, flat cutting pliers, long nose pliers, tap a screwdriver, a word, cross screwdriver.
2.2.3 adjustable wrench, sets of wire plate, electric stove, soldering iron, tin tin pot, spoon, vice, etc.
2.2.4 bench drill, drill, electric hammer, nail gun, megohm meter, multimeter, tool bag, toolbox, high stool, etc.
2.3 operation conditions:
2.3.1 to do a good job of embedded in the structure construction, concrete floor should be embedded bolt, condole supports shall be under the boom.
2.3.2 box is fixed, wood, wood paint finish.
2.3.3 influential to install lamps and lanterns of template, scaffold has been removed.
2.3.4 tent, wall plaster work, live the interior decoration of pulp and the ground cleaning work is over.

3 operation process
3.1 process:
Check the lamps and lanterns, ceiling fans and assembly lamps, ceiling fans to install lamps and lanterns, ceiling fans, electric commissioning

3.2 lamps, ceiling fans check:
3.2.1 check lamps and lanterns:
3.2.1.1 accords with a requirement according to the installation site to check if the lamps and lanterns of lamps and lanterns: (a) should be used in inflammable and explosive places explosion-proof lamps and lanterns; (b) any corrosive gas and characteristics of wet places should use enclosed type lamps and lanterns, the parts of lamps and lanterns should be good anticorrosive processing; (c) damp and outdoor lamps and lanterns of the plant has a drain hole enclosed type lamps and lanterns should be adopted; (d) dusty places should be based on dust concentration and nature, the close or closed lamps and lanterns; (e) the hot dusty places (such as steel, iron, steel rolling etc) should be used for light; (f), by mechanical damage can be short of the plant should be used to have the lamps and lanterns of protection network; (g) vibration places (such as a forging hammer, air compressor, bridge crane, etc.), lamps and lanterns should be prevention measures (e.g., USES the chain hoist soft connection); (h) except open type, other kinds of lamps and lanterns of bulb capacity in 100 w and above all porcelain lamp should be adopted.
3.2.1.2 wiring check: (a) in the lamp lights inside wiring shall comply with the design requirements and the relevant concept; (b) through the wire at the branch connection of the box can not bear the additional stress and wear, the more shares the end of the cord to disk, rinse tin; (c) light boxes inside the wire should not be too close to the heat source, heat insulation measures should be taken. (d) using the spiral lamp, phase line must be
Pressure on the wick column; (e) fluorescent lamp connection as shown in figure 3-65.
3.2.1.3 characteristics of lamps and lanterns of inspection: (a) all kinds of lamp sign indicates the direction is correct; (b) emergency lights must be sensitive and reliable; (c) emergency lighting lamps and lanterns should be special symbol; (d) for the local lighting of the transformer must be double circle, first grade shall be equipped with fuse; (e) the portable local lighting lamps and lanterns with wire, appropriate USES rubber sets of wires, grounding or answer the zero line should be in the same jacket.
3.2.2 ceiling fans check
3.2.2.1 ceiling fan of all kinds of spare parts is complete.
3.2.2.2 blades for the deformation and damage.
3.2.2.3 suspension pin must be installed on the derrick shockproof rubber mat and locking device.
3.3 lamps, ceiling fan assembly:
3.3.1 assembly lamps and lanterns:
3.3.1.1 sectional suction top lanterns assembly:
A first put the plate of lamps and lanterns ping, if the plate is split, will all the frame alignment, with screws, it become an organic whole repeatedly, then according to the manual and schematic put each lamp mouth good.
B to determine the position of the outlet and go line, terminal board (porcelain connector) with machine screws on the plate.
C according to its already fixed terminal board (porcelain connector) to the distance of each lamp mouth cord-cutting, peel the choke good conductor wire core, after good circle plate, rinse tin. And then into each lamp mouth, straighten out the lamp holder of phase line and zero line, thread clamp fixed respectively, and the pressure into the terminal board respectively according to the requirements of power supply.
3.3.1.2 condole lantern assembly:
First wear the wires from each lamp mouth to itself of lamps and lanterns in the junction box. End plate, tin after pressure measurement in each lamp. Straighten out each phase line and zero line of lamp holder, on the other side after rinse tin according to the phase sequence connection respectively, bandaging and flung out the power lead, finally introduced the power supply line out from the boom.
3.3.2 rainfall distribution on 10-12 ceiling fan assembly requirements:
3.3.2.1 it is forbidden to change the blade Angle.
3.3.2.2 blades should be fixed screw locking device.
Between 3.3.2.3 boom, boom and motor, threaded connections shall not be less than 20 mm length of action, and must have a locking device.
3.4 lamps, ceiling installation:
3.4.1 track installation of lamps and lanterns:
3.4.1.1 normal installation of lamps and lanterns:
A plastic (wood) installation. Will pick up the cord from plastic (wood) of the outlet hole, plastic (wood) against building surface, plastic (wood) of the mounting holes on the screw hole lamp box, use machine screws to plastic (wood) fixed tightly. If in a round hole on the floor fixed plastic (wood), method of construction should be according to the figure 3-66.
B the from the plastic (wood) sets of wire length set aside proper maintenance, cut wire core, and then into the lamp holder box, wire core should be higher than the mesa plastic (wood). With a soft line on the lamp on the wire core winding 5 ~ 7 laps after, will light wire core back pressure. And black tape with sticky plastic belt layer bandage tightly. Dispatch bandage good joint, buckle in the flange, flange (hanging box, flat light mouth) should be with plastic (wood) at the center of the alignment, with a length less than 20 mm wood screw fixation.
C comfortable device install droplight: first of all, according to the installation height of lamps and lanterns and quantity all the messenger wire device well in advance, should guarantee the messenger wire after let go of all its high from the ground at the bottom of the light bulb is between 800 ~ 1100 mm. Cut wire core, then tin plate circle, rinse, smashed. According to its already device take soft plastic tube length of messenger wire broken, and the plastic pipe at both ends of the pipe head cut in half, the length of 20 mm, then the suspension wire wear into the plastic tube. Wear comfortable device set on the plastic tube. The crane lifted the lid and the lamp cover respectively set into the messenger wire at both ends, holding good insurance clasp, then cut into two and a half of soft plastic tube end close lap, heat bonding, then put the lamp line pressure on the hanging box and light mouth stud. Such as screws, find out the phase line and tag them, finally according to the plastic (wood) will disconnect the lamp installed machine installation joint method.

3.4.1.2 fluorescent lamp installation:
A suction, fluorescent lamp installation: according to the design to determine the location of the fluorescent lamp, fluorescent lamp against the building surface, fluorescent light box should completely cover the lamp box, on the position of the lamp box lay a hole into the line, to the power cord into the box and on into the line hole should be set plastic pipe to protect the wire. Looking for a good lamp box of the location of the screw hole, in light boxes on the floor of good hole with a drill, screw with machine screws and firm, should be used at the other end of the box tube expanding bolt to be fixed. If a fluorescent lamp is installed on the ceiling, should use the self tapping screws to fix light boxes on the keel. After light box fixed, the box to press the power supply cord into the terminal board (porcelain connector). The lamps and lanterns of reflector is fixed on the box, and adjust the box straight, finally the fluorescent tube is installed.
B chain hoist fluorescent lamp installation: according to the height of the installation of lamps and lanterns, the whole chain hoist good, hang chain hoist in light box hook, not all installed on the roof of the building plastic (wood), compiling fork will lead in that order within the chain hoist, and introduce light box, the box of into line hole should be set on a soft plastic tube to protect wire, pumped light boxes inside the terminal board (porcelain connector). Wire and the lamp socket box out of the power cord connection, with sticky plastic belt and black tape layered bind tightly. Straighten out joint buckle in the flange, flange should lift (box) center and the plastic on the center (wood), use wood screws to twist firmly. The reflectors of lamps and lanterns with machine screws on light boxes, adjust light feet, the last of tube installed.
3.4.1.3 various lanterns installation:
A combined type suction top lanterns installation: according to the embedded bolt and the position of the lamp box, use electric drill on the plate of lamps and lanterns good mounting holes and the outlet hole, when installation will plate in order to connect the power cord and from the lamps and lanterns of the wires and bind tightly. Should as far as possible put the wire into the socket box, and then put the plate mounting holes on the embedded bolt, make all round plate and ceiling tiejin, tighten it with the nut, and adjust the lamp, hanging lamps and lanterns of all kinds of ornaments, and for tubes and bulbs.
B hanging lanterns installation: will the lamps and lanterns and inserted the embedded good derrick, lamps and lanterns hanging pin is inserted after its tail to break into a swallow, and flatten it. Conductor is the good start, bandage sealed, straighten out after push up lamps and lanterns of upper buckle bowl, will joint such as the inside, and buckle bowl close to the ceiling, tighten the set screws. Adjust the light. Good light bulbs, and finally with chimney.
The installation of 3.4.1.4 band:
According to the envelop dimensions determine the bracket of lamps and lanterns of strong point, according to the specific weight of lamps and lanterns again carefully business accounting, made by stent material support, well after, according to the installation position of lamps and lanterns, tube expanding bolt embedded parts and the bracket fixed tightly. Light band of support can be directly fixed on the main keel; Big band must be under good embedded parts, the first light of stents with screws on the embedded parts, fixed bracket, use a light box machine screws on the scaffold, to introduce the power cord to a light box and the wire connection of lamps and lanterns and bind tightly. Adjust the light mouth and light foot, mount bulb or tube, superior lampshade, adjust the frame of lamps and lanterns should be parallel to the ceiling decoration line below. If symmetrical installation of lamps and lanterns, the vertical center axis should be in a straight line, deflection should not be greater than 5 mm.
The installation of 3.4.1.5 wall lamp:
First according to the shape of lamps and lanterns choosing appropriate wooden table (board) or lamps and lanterns of lamps and lanterns tap to put on it, allowance to symmetric around, and then use electric drill open good outlet hole in the plank and mounting holes, and also good installation holes on the bottom plate of lamps and lanterns, lamp holder of the lamps and lanterns line from wood (plate) thrown in the outlet hole, on the wall of the lamp box joint, and bind tightly, will be the joint into the box. The wood or wood for lamp holder box, with metope, available machine screws to wood directly fixed in the box on the ear, such as wood should be with tube expanding. Adjust the wood (plate) or tap of lamps and lanterns to make it a right not skew, reoccupy machine screws to screw in the wood of lamps and lanterns (board) or lamps and lanterns on the tap, finally with good light bulbs, lamp or chimney. Installed on the wall lamp, outdoor lamps and lanterns of the counter or tap and metope between should add waterproof rubber gasket, and should play good drainage hole.

 

3.4.2 special lamps and lanterns of installation shall meet the following requirements:
3.4.2.1 line voltage lamp installation: (a) must not exceed 36 v. (b) the lamp body and the handle should be good insulation, strong heat resistance, moisture proof; (c) the lamp holder and lamp body combined with fastening, lamp holder should not switch; (d) light bulbs should be external metal protection network; (e) metal mesh, reflectors and suspension hook, shall be fixed on the insulation parts of lamps and lanterns.
In particularly damp places or conductive good, on the ground, or the working place is narrow, action inconvenience places (such as work within the boiler, the metal container), line shall not exceed 12 v lamp voltage.
3.4.2.2 wires used in the portable local lighting lamps and lanterns of appropriate USES rubber set soft lines, grounding or answer the zero line should be within the same jacket.
3.4.2.3 table shadowless lamp installation: (a) the number of fixed screw, shall not be less than the number of lamps and lanterns of the flange plate fixed hole, and the bolt diameter should be matched with aperture; (b) on the concrete structure, embedded bolts should be welding line with the main muscle, or the hook at the end of bend and the main reinforcement binding anchorage; (c) fixed shadowless lamp base, must adopt double nut.
3.4.2.4 of large lamps and lanterns of the glass installed in important place, should have the measures to prevent splash down down after the fracture (in addition to the design requirements), usually transparent nylon yarn woven nets are available, and the specifications of the mesh should be determined according to the actual situation.

Thallium indium 3.4.2.5 metal halide lamp, sodium lamp, dysprosium lamp, etc.) : (a) lighting installation height in more than 5 m, the power cord should be the terminal connections, and shall not make power line near the surface of lamps and lanterns; (b) tube must be used with the trigger and current limiter.
Shall be fixed tightly 3.4.2.6 project-light lamp base, according to the direction of the need to drive shaft screw fixation.
3.4.2.7 emergency lighting circuit and capacity of incandescent bulbs over 100 w seal installation, shall use the BV - 105 type heat resistance wire.
3.4.2.8 above 36 v and lighting installation: (a) transformer should be adopted double circle, are not allowed to use autotransformer. Primary and secondary should respectively in the two boxes of connection; (b) power supply side should have short circuit protection, the rated current of the fuse should not be greater than the rated current of the transformer; (c) the shell, one end of the core and the low voltage side or center can protect the earth.
3.4.2.9 operating room lighting circuit work requirements: 1. Lighting distribution box should be equipped with special master switch and shunt switch; Article 2. The indoor lamps and lanterns should be respectively in the two special back to the road.
3.4.2.10 lamp should be equipped with double lamp in public places.
3.4.2.11 fixed on the moving structure (such as activity bracket) the wiring requirements of local lighting lamps and lanterns: (a) the minimum cross section of the wire shall comply with table; (b) wire should apply at the interior of the bracket; (c) wires should not strain and wear on the activities of the bracket joint, shall be protected jacketed plastic covers.
Rule 3.4.3 ceiling installation:
Will the ceiling fans and hang embedded hook will ceiling fan earrings. Then good power supply to knot, pay attention to more soft copper conductor plate lap after rinse tin bandage tightly, pushing up the boom on the buckle bowl, will knot buttons in the inside, close to the surface buildings, tighten the set screws.
3.5 electric commissioning:
Lamps and lanterns, ceiling fans, power distribution boxes (dish) installed, and each branch of the insulation resistance test qualified after, party allows electricity commissioning. After electrify should carefully check and patrol, check the lamps and lanterns is the control of the flexible and accurate; Switch control sequence corresponds with lamps and lanterns, ceiling fans turn and speed regulating switch is normal, if found that the problem must be power first, and then find the reason for repair.

 

4 quality standards
4.1 ensure projects:
4.4.1 of the specifications of the lamps and lanterns, ceiling fans, model and using sites must comply with the design requirements and norms.
4.1.2 ceiling fans and more than 3 kg of lamps and lanterns, must be embedded hook or bolt, embedded parts must be strong and reliable.
4.1.3 below 2.4 m below the metal shell part of lamps and lanterns should be well grounded or zero protection.
4.1.4 ceiling fans complete and reliable locking device, fan blade pitch to should not be less than 2.5 m.
Inspection method: to observe the inspection and check the installation records.
4.2 the basic items:
The installation of 2 lamps, ceiling fans:
Lamps and lanterns, ceiling fans, installation is firm, correct position, lamps and lanterns is installed in the center of the block. Appliances clean, derrick, vertical chain hoist parallel double chain of fluorescent lamp, lamp mouth, the street corner lamp, explosion-proof torch fixed reliable, neat rows.
Inspection method: to observe the examination
4.2.2 wire connection with lamps, ceiling fans:
Lead into the lamps and lanterns, ceiling fans in the insulation protection is good, with appropriate allowance. Connect closely, it does not hurt wire core. Clamp connection pressure without looseness, bolt connection, in the same terminal conductor is not more than two, ceiling fans complete check washer and other accessories. Chain hoist lights down lead tidy and beautiful.
Inspection methods: observation, the electricity checks.
4.3 allowable deviation projects:
Appliance rows installation centerline allowable deviation of 5 mm.
Test method: guy, 'quantity check.
5 finished product protection
5.1 lamps, ceiling fans to enter the scene should be packed neatly, solid. And pay attention to moisture, handling to should take put down gently, so as not to touch the bad on the surface of the zinc coating, paint, and the glass.
5.2 installation lamps, ceiling fans, don't touch bad building doors and Windows and walls.
5.3 shall not spray again, lamps, ceiling fans after the installation in order to prevent the pollution.
6 should pay attention to quality problems
6.1 rows of lamps and lanterns, ceiling fan axis deviation is beyond the scope allowed. In determining the location of rows of lamps and lanterns, ceiling fans, must stay, best reticle.

Fixed rickety wooden table 6.2, and there is crack on the surface of buildings. Wood diameter at 150 mm and below, the application of the two screws; Wooden table for more than 150 mm diameter, application of three fixed screw into a triangle.
6.3 flange, hanging box, flat light is not on the center of plastic (wood). The deviation of more than 1.5 mm. When installation should be to the center of the flange, hanging box, flat light mouth to is the center of the plastic (wood).
6.4 chain hoist chain hoist improper selection of fluorescent lamp, should be replaced according to the following requirements:
6.4.1 single pipe, bare fluorescent lamp chain length less than 1 meter, can use claw chain.
6.4.2 covered or double tube fluorescent lamp cover and single pipe fluorescent lamp chain length more than 1 meter, should use the iron chain hoist.
6.5 using wood Ming (dark), lamps and lanterns, wire connector and ordinary plastic wire exposed to fire protection measures should be taken, wire connection should be put inside lamp box or tools, plastic wire should convert sheathed wire laying, or on the flame retardant plastic wire slot for wiring.
7 quality records
7.1 lamps, ceiling fans, insulated wire factory quality certificate.
7.2 lamps, ceiling installation engineering, self-inspection, mutual inspection records.
7.3 design changes regarding the record, record drawings.
7.4 electric lighting apparatus and its distribution box (dish) installation engineering quality inspection record separately.
7.5 electrical insulation resistance test records.

Toilet, bath between coating waterproof construction technology

Toilet, bath between coating waterproof construction
1 scope
The technology standard is applicable to industrial and civil building, toilet, bath between ground of polyurethane, chloroprene latex asphalt, SBS rubber modified asphalt waterproof coating material construction.
2 construction preparation
2.1 material and main equipments:
: 2.1.1 polyurethane waterproof coating is a kind of chemical reaction type coating, use in the form of a two-component, by component a and component b in accordance with the proportion coordination, produces chemical reaction, from a liquid into a solid, form a thick waterproof coating.
2.1.1.1 main materials:
Component: isocyanate base containing materials, with 3.5 + / - 0.2% advisable.
Component b: hydroxyl content, with 0.7 + / - 0.1% advisable.
Party a and b material flammable, toxic, are packed in iron drum, storage should be sealed, after approach in a cool, dry, no strong sunlight straight warehouses (or field). Operation should be according to manufacturer instructions to cooperate, the proportion of the operating site, ventilation, fire prevention, the operator should wear gloves, face masks, glasses, etc., to prevent solvent poisoning.
2.1.1.2 the main auxiliary materials:
Phosphoric acid or benzene sulfonyl chloride: too fast solidification, as a retarder.

Two lauric acid tin: slow solidification, used as coagulant.
Xylene: cleaning construction tools to use.
Ethyl acetate: gel with clean hands.
107 glue: repair at the grass-roots level.
Glass fiber cloth (90 cm in length, 14 eyes) or non-woven fabrics.
Stone slag: phi about 2 mm, bonding with transition layer.
Cement: more than 425 Portland cement and ordinary Portland cement and slag Portland cement, fill with at the local level.
2.1.1.3 polyurethane waterproof coating, must through the test can be used, its technical performance should meet the following requirements:
Solid content: 93% or higher;
Tensile strength: more than 0.6 MPa;
Elongation rate: 300% or higher;
Flexibility: around - 20 ℃ phi 20 mm round rods without crack;
Heat resistance: at 85 ℃. Heat 5 h, coating without flowing and concentrated air bubbles;
Impervious water: the dynamic water pressure 0.2 MPa constant-voltage lh impervious.
2.1.2 chloroprene latex asphalt waterproof coating: on the other hand, with polychloroprene emulsion wave and emulsified asphalt under certain conditions even after blending emulsion, dark brown pigment.
2.1.2.1 chloroprene latex asphalt must test before use, its technical performance should meet the following requirements:
Appearance: dark brown emulsion
Solid content; 43% or higher;
Bond strength: 0. 67 mpa;
Flexibility: - 10 ℃ phi around 10 mm round rods without crack;
Heat resistance: 80 ℃, 5 h no change;
Impervious: dynamic water pressure of 0.1 MPa, but the confining pressure of 0.5 h.
2.1.2.2 design requirements such as gabe, as in base coating glass cloth (90 cm in length, l4 mesh) or non-woven fabrics.
2.1.3 SBS rubber modified asphalt waterproof coating, asphalt, rubber, synthetic resin as the main raw material made of the other type of elastic asphalt waterproof material. Improved after adding SBS asphalt asphalt waterproof and elastic.
2.1.3.1 SBS rubber modified asphalt waterproof coating, can be used only before use should be qualified by test, and its technical performance should meet to plant requirements:
Appearance: black sticky liquid.
Solid content: 40% or higher;
Bond strength (and bond strength of cement mortar) : 0.3 MPa or greater;
Flexibility: in - 20 ℃ + 2 ℃ for the following round phi 3 mm metal rods and a half weeks, flake coating no crack phenomenon.
2.1.3.2 glass cloth (90 cm in length, 14 eyes) or non-woven fabrics.
2.1.4 major equipment: electric mixer, mixing materials barrels, paint bucket, plastic scraper. Small iron scraping board, rubber plate, spring balance, paint brush brush glue (use), rolling brush brush glue (use), small float, oil workers shovel knife, broom, fire fighting equipment.
2.2 operation conditions;
2.2.1 across the floor between lavatory bath all the vertical tube and casing have been finished and experience, the cracks around the pipes with 1, 2, 4 pisolite concrete tamping compaction (floor bottom need template).
2.2.2 cushion has been done on the ground, between lavatory bath to find 2% slope floor drain, thickness of less than 30 mm in the mixed ash, more than 30 mm thick with 1:6 cement cinder bed.
2.2.3 ground leveling layer has been done between lavatory bath, pressure surface should be smooth, solid flat light, no sand, moisture content is below 90% (simple detection: a 1 m2 at the grass-roots level surface with the rubber sheet, and let stand for 3 ~ 4 h, no obvious watermarking cover rubber parts, be deemed to have met the requirement of the moisture content).
2.2.4 leveling layer of the water slope should be in 2% above, not local water, and the wall of the junction and Angle are put into a small corner. Those who rely on a wall of tube root place to wipe out 5% slope, avoid the water (figure 7-10).
2.2.5 before making waterproof coating, at the grassroots level construction sealant seal (in the following parts. Through the floor around the riser, casing and riser junction, closet pan and the riser outlet around the floor drain, etc. As shown in figure 7-11, 7 to 12, 7 to 13, 7 to 14.
Figure 7-11 near the riser closure construction sealant figure 7-12 casing junction with the ground and the vertical pipe junction, sealing construction sealant
2.2.6 between lavatory bath must be set before making waterproof adequate lighting and ventilation equipment.
2.2.7 flammable, toxic waterproofing material to have fire prevention facilities and work clothes, soft shoes.
2.2.8 operating temperature + 5 ℃ or more.
2.2.9 operators should be trained, a card, do first between example, after inspection qualified can comprehensive construction.
3 operation process

 

3.1 polyurethane waterproof coating construction process:
Cleaning the grassroots to besmear to brush glue, detail additional layer to the first floor coating, and the second film

The third layer of coating film and debris
3.1.1 cleaning at the grass-roots level: stick with a shovel knife on the leveling layer of grey skin, use a broom to clean dust, especially the tube carefully clean up in areas such as the root, floor drain, and drain. If there is oil pollution, the application of steel wire brush and sand paper to brush off. Surface must level off, the cavity with a 1:3 cement mortar leveling.
3.1.2 brushing glue: a, b two polyurethane components and xylene in the proportion of 1:1.5:2 (weight ratio) and can be used. Dip in with a rolling brush or brush glue equably besmear to brush on the surface at the grass-roots level, may not be too thick nor thin, besmear brushs the amount to about 0.2 kg/m2. Should be dry after besmear to brush more than 4 h, can be a process of operation.
3.1.3 detail additional layer: the polyurethane coating waterproof materials according to the component a: part b = 1:1.5 the proportion of mixture stirring evenly, dip in with the paint brush paint at floor drain, pipe root, Yin and Yang Angle and outlet evenly, easy to leak weak positions may not leak brush (turn ground and metope, coating waterproof wall do 100 mm height).
3.1.4 first floor coating: polyurethane and xylene press 1: a, b two components l. 5: the ratio of 0.2 (weight ratio), in mixing materials barrels, using electric mixer, stir well (about 5 min) with a rubber scraper or a layer of paint, paint coating thickness should be uniform, coating amount to 0.8 ~ 1.0 kg/m2 advisable, from inside to outside the back operation.
3.1.5 the second layer coating: after the first layer coating, coating curing to not glue the hand, press for the first time the material ratio method, and the second time for coating operation, in order to make uniform coating thickness, coating direction must be vertical direction to that of the first pass coating, coating with the first time.
3.1.6 the third layer coating: after the second film cure, still according to the first two times the ratio of material mixing good coating materials, the scraping coat technique for the third time, amount of coating with 0.4 ~ 0.5 kg/m2 advisable, besmear after curing, not in the thin film surface and clean from 2 ~ 3 mm size of debris, to increase the cohesive force and the cement mortar layer.
In the process of operation according to the quantity of ingredients, operation shall not be stirred too much. Such as inconvenience when surface coating viscosity is too high, can be diluted with a small amount of xylene, addition amount shall not be greater than b is 10%. Such as a, b curing fast, after mixing effect construction, can add a little phosphate or chlorinated benzene sulfonic phenol retarder, addition amount shall not be greater than 0.5% of a material; Such as coating curing too slow, can add a little 2 lauric acid tin coagulant; But addition amount shall not be greater than 0.3% of a material.
The waterproof coating finish, can be carried out after the acceptance of storage test, 24 h, no leakage, surface can be performed.
3.2 chloroprene latex asphalt waterproof coating construction process:
Basic level processing and synthetic latex asphalt surface water putty to shave first pass coating, detail structure and strengthening layer - >

 

Stick spun glass cloth two times (or non-woven) at the same time to brush paint, brush coating to brush paint 4 times, third times water storage test
3.2.1 basic level processing: first check the basic unit of cement mortar screed-coat whether level off, the water slope meets the design requirements, the surface has a concave pit, with cement mortar leveling, with steel wire brush will be binding on the surface of plasma skin with flat shovel, finally use broom to sweep the dust.
3.2.2 grassroots putty scraping the neoprene latex asphalt cement: full will mix the neoprene latex asphalt waterproof coating in small barrel, mixed with a little cement mixing evenly, with scraping board will be full at the grass-roots level again. Tube root and the corner to thick and smooth.
3.2.3 first pass waterproof coating: according to the daily usage will chloroprene latex asphalt waterproof coating in small bucket pour remaining material when coming off work back to save VAT, prevent dry conjunctival influence use. Base chloroprene latex cement be bored with child after drying, then start spreading for the first time paint, paint brush or rolling brush dip coating with brush again, besmear brushs wants even, surface flow accumulation is not a phenomenon.
3.2.4 detail structure and strengthening layer: the Angle of Yin and Yang Angle do first a strengthening layer, the glass fiber cloth (or non-woven) the shop is stuck in these areas, and synthetic rubber latex paint brush to brush the asphalt waterproof coating. To paste it, brush, can not have crease.
Strengthen layer pipe root is also to do first. Glass cloth (or non-woven) can be cut into saw tooth, the shop is stuck on the surface casing, top into the sleeve, bottom paste it on the flat tube root, at the same time brush chloroprene latex asphalt waterproof coating, paste it, brush.
Floor drain, crouch hole and the part of the surface intersection do second strengthen floor first.
If metope is not waterproof, waterproof coating on the ground around the metope rolled up to 100 mm high, also do strengthen layer.
3.2.5 glass cloth (or non-woven), at the same time, and the second time brush paint: finish after detail structural layer, can undertake large area coating operation, the glass cloth (or non-woven) rolled into a cylinder, dip in with the paint brush paint, side brush, edge rolling glass wool roll (or non-woven), edge piping shop is stuck, and then use the brush to (or non-woven) rolling flat glass wool cloth, eliminate air bubbles, at the same time with the brush paint in the glass city prepared has (or non-woven), evenly on the glass cloth (or non-woven) solid bonding at the grassroots level, can not have leakage and buckling. General planar construction from low to high, according to the well summer-planting do from the doorway, first do after horizontal and vertical plane, glass fiber cloth (or non-woven) lap not less than 10 cm.
3.2.6 third time waterproof coating, after waiting for the second floor paint dry, brush with paint brush or rolling brush full third time waterproof coating.
3.2.7 the fourth times waterproof coating, after third time paint dry, with brush paint again, surface from a layer of coarse sand, try doing water after dry jun.
3.2.8 storage test: after the acceptance of waterproof coating, floor drain plug, water 2 cm high, time is not less than 24 h, and if no leakage is qualified, surface can be performed.
Neoprene hole of asphalt waterproof coating times and glass coating city (or non-woven) the number of layers, are to operate according to design requirements, can be reference to the above method.

3.3 the SBS rubber modified asphalt waterproof coating construction process:
Basic level processing and spreading the first time paint - 2 details a cloth - water test
3.3.1 basic level processing: with chloroprene latex asphalt coating.
3.3.2 rainfall distribution on 10-12 besmear first pass coating: paint brush dips in SBS rubber modified asphalt waterproof coating, full besmear again, after the first, the first after the high low, uniform besmear to brush, brush can not have leakage.
3.3.3 details: riser root, floor drain, crouch hole to the ground in areas such as the junction, all should carefully brushing the SBS waterproof coating, brush shall not leak.
Two we do a cloth: fiber glass cloth first rolled into a cylinder, dip in with the paint brush paint, brushes, while rolling, edge paste, with a paint brush cloth grinding flat at any time, eliminate air bubbles, glass wool, lap length not less than 5 cm (if need to shop on the second floor, to set up and down seam stagger), followed by paint brush in the spread of glass cloth on besmear brushs the paint again, until the glass cloth mesh is full of paint, brush paint shall not have died after folding, bubble, become warped edge and substrate, the shop is stuck to level off.
3.3.5 storage test: waterproof coating according to the design requirements after the coat, the quality qualified, water storage experiment was carried out, the temporary floor drain plug, wipe out the door place water, water storage 2 cm, observe no leakage for qualified for 24 h, surface can be performed.

 

4 quality standards
4.1 ensure projects:
4.4.1 coating used in a variety of waterproof materials, grades and mixture ratio, and the state should comply with the design requirements of the standard rules. Four indicators of waterproof coating technology performance must be qualified by the laboratory for the reinspection after just can use.
4.1.2 coating waterproof layer with detail such as embedded pipe, surface slope, should comply with the design requirements and construction norms, can not have leakage phenomenon (24 h observation without water leakage).
4.1.3 screed-coat moisture content is below 9%, and after inspection qualified, can undertake waterproof construction.
4.2 the basic items:
2 uniform coating, coating layer thickness meet the design requirements, never show. Strong protective layer and the waterproof layer binding, together, can not have damage.
4.2.2 glue and paint additional layer of coating method, receiving head, should conform to the requirements of the construction specification, bonded firmly, close together, joint seal, no empty drum.
Holdings surface such as found unqualified, should besmear brushs lap, according to the specification requirements and authenticated by the related personnel.
4.2.4 coating layer foaming, flowing, flat with no bump, color brightness is consistent, and pipe fittings, sanitary ware, anchor bolt, floor drain, the drain joint, head round.
5 finished product protection
5.1 coating waterproof layer in the process of operation; Shall not be pollution are ready to act the role of the wall, sanitary ware, doors and Windows, etc.
5.2 finish after coating waterproof layer, we will strictly protected, before cover do not make any personnel shall not enter, nor in the accumulation of debris inside toilet, so as not to damage the waterproof layer.
To prevent debris fill in 5.3 a floor drain or drain and ensure the drainage unblocked. Qualified water, don't forget to clean the floor drain.
5.4 surface during operation, to highlight the tube of the ground root, floor drain, drain, sanitary ware and ground junction coating shall not be damaged.
6 should pay attention to quality problems
6.1 coating waterproof layer empty drum, there are air bubbles: mainly basic cleaning not clean, or the bottom glue coating unevenness is due to the leveling layer wet, moisture content is higher than 9%, besmear before for moisture content test, empty drum, serious caused extensive bulge. So before besmear to brush waterproof layer, at the grass-roots level must be clean, and do the moisture content test.
6.2 ground surface finish after water storage experiment was carried out, there is leakage phenomenon: coating waterproof layer, after finishing the first water test must be made, if there is leakage phenomenon, according to specific parts of leakage repair, especially in all the rework, until the water 2 cm high, observing 24 h leakage so far. The ground surface finish, and then to the second time filling test, observe no leakage for the final qualified for 24 h, fill in water inspection record.

6.3 ground water drainage not free: the main reason is that when doing the ground pad, not according to the design requirements for slope, do no remedy measures when the leveling layer, cause adverse slope or uneven, and water. So before making a film waterproof layer, first check the slope at the grass-roots level is in line with the requirements, not in conformity with the design, should do waterproof after processing.
6.4 ground finish after the second impoundment, has qualified acceptance, but after the completion of use, crouch hole still appear leakage phenomenon: crouch hole to drain and sewage is mainly the socket outlet not connected closely, unused building sealant seal tightly after connection, cause leakage after use. In sanitary porcelain live after installation, the interface must be carefully checked whether meet the requirements, and then to next working procedure.
7 quality records
This technology standard should have the following quality records:
7.1 pu, chlorine latex asphalt, SBS rubber modified asphalt waterproof coating, must have the manufacturer certificate and waterproof material use certification issued by the Beijing municipal science and technology commission, the technical characteristics of the construction unit second-round exam test record.
7.2 waterproof coating inspection record, storage test record.
7.3 waterproof coating component project quality inspection records.