Lightweight aggregate concrete mixing process on site

Lightweight aggregate concrete mixing at the scene
1 scope
This technology standard rules on the lightweight aggregate concrete mixing construction site preparation, operation process, quality standard and quality acceptance and so on.
The technology standard is applicable to industrial and civil construction of lightweight aggregate concrete mixing at the scene.
2 construction preparation
2.1 material and main equipments:
2.1.1 cement: the varieties of cement, label, factory don't and the mixing proportion of concrete of the brand should comply with the notice requirements. Cement should have the factory certificate and test report in color.
2.1.2 sand, sand particle size and origin shall comply with the requirements of concrete notice. In the sand silt content; When the concrete strength grade C30 or higher, the silt content should be 3% or less; < C30 concrete strength grade, the silt content should be 5% or less. Sand content of soil in pure clay (greater than 5 mm) : when the concrete strength grade C30 or higher, should be < 1%; < C30 concrete strength grade, should be 2% or less. The sand should have the test report.
2.1.3 light weight aggregate: light weight aggregate (ceramsite or pumice, etc.) the variety, size, origin shall comply with the requirements of concrete notice. Light weight aggregate should be the factory quality certificate and test report approach. Must test the project are: weight aggregate sieve analysis test; Thickness of aggregate packing density; Coarse aggregate cylinder compressive strength; The aggregate water absorption test.
Light of coarse aggregate gradation meets the requirements of table 4-30, its natural distribution of void fraction should not be greater than 50%. Its biggest particle size should not be greater than 20 mm. The silt content is not more than 2%.
Light of coarse gradation table 4-30
Mesh size dmin (5) 1/2 (10) (20) 2 on3dmax on3dmax on3dmax (2 x 20)
Globe and single graded cumulative triage acuity 90 not regulation 10 0 or less
The mixture of normal grading by weight meter 90 30 ~ 70 10 0 or less or more
Type of gravel mixture gradation (%) of 90 or more 40 ~ 60 10 0 or less

Light sand fineness modulus should not be greater than 4.0, and its greater than 5 mm sieve room should not be greater than 10% (by weight).
The bulk density of light weight aggregate, lightweight aggregate of cylinder pressure strength and the strength grade should meet the design requirements.
Light and natural light the bibulous rate of coarse aggregate; Other light aggregate the bibulous rate of 1 h is not greater than 22%.
2.1.4 water: appropriate USES of drinking water. Other water quality must conform to the "standard of concrete mixing water" (JGJ63 a 89).
2.1.5 admixture; Manufacturer of the lightweight aggregate concrete admixtures used varieties, and the formulations of brand should comply with the notice requirements. Admixtures should have the factory quality certificate and instructions, and shall have the relevant indicators into the factory test report. Requirements prescribed by the state certification of products, but also should apply certificate. The dosage of admixture must have a test.
2.1.6 hybrid materials (mainly is mixing fly ash) : the varieties of hybrid materials used, production manufacturers and the ratio of brand should comply with the notice requirements. Hybrid materials should have the factory quality certificate and instructions, and should be in the test report. Material must be content in the mixture.
2.1.7 major equipment: light sand concrete should be preferred forced mixer, also using the mixer. All light concrete should be forced mixer. The scale or electronic measuring equipment commonly used measuring equipment. Water metering meter can be used, time relay control meter or water tank water level meter. Feeding device such as a two-wheeled cart, forklifts, loaders, coarse and fine aggregate hopper and other equipment. Field test equipment, test equipment, such as slump test, etc.
2.2 operation conditions:
2.2.1 laboratory has issued a notice of lightweight aggregate concrete mixing ratio, and transform it into every dish of actual use of proportion of construction, and published on the mixing ingredients location sign.
2.2.2 raw materials used in the tests, all should comply with the notice of proportion of the proposed requirements.
2.2.3 mixer and its form a complete set of equipment operation flexible, safe and reliable. Power supply and distribution system meets the requirements, safe and reliable.
2.2.4 all measuring instruments must have the validity of the test identification. Loadometer around here and clean up the sand, stone, sensitive and reliable measuring instruments and according to the construction mixture ratio on pounds by designated personnel.
2.2.5 of proportion of management personnel to the operation team, operating rules and safety technical disclosure.
2.2.6 need casting engineering parts of lightweight aggregate concrete has hidden inspection, preview formalities, lightweight aggregate concrete application form has the approval of relevant management personnel.
2.2.7 issued new light weight aggregate concrete mix proportion, should be to identify the early morning. Early identification of the work and meets the requirements.
3 operation process
3.1 the basic technological process:

Production of lightweight aggregate concrete basic process flow diagram
3.2 stacking and storage of raw materials:
3.2.1 light should be according to the grade of the aggregate pile up, and shall have the waterproof and drainage measures, in order to prevent moisture content changes. Mixture fraction stacked, stacking height should not be commonly more than 2 m, in case the size of particles segregation, uneven distribution. When mixed with ordinary aggregate used, should make the weight aggregate storage respectively, it is forbidden to mix, to guarantee the accuracy of the ingredients.
3.2.2 cement, admixture, additive should be put in storage, waterproof, moisture-proof warehouse in order to prevent the cement scleroma, admixture moisture content change, powdered admixture failure, fluid additive concentration changes.
3.3 raw materials measurement and sampling measurement:
3.3.1 light weight aggregate measurement: appropriate USES volume metering, also USES the weight measurement, but it must be strictly test the moisture content of aggregate, remove outside its moisture content, the weight of the water to guarantee the accuracy of the ingredients. Ordinary sand by weight. When volume metering, must use the special measuring carts or dedicated volume meter, every dish we will strictly measurement.
When using weight measurement, the use of carts, must car weighing, discharge is much less. Has the hopper and the measuring equipment of form a complete set, using automatic or semi-automatic feeding, need to adjust the doumen switch of schedule, to ensure accurate measurement.
Light weight aggregate metering the allowable deviation of plus or minus 3% or less.
3.3.2 rainfall distribution on 10-12 cement measurement: using bagged cement, must according to purchase batch of random sampling measurement. General approach of each lot of cement should be random 10 bags of weight, and calculate the average actual weight of each bag. Is less than the calibration weight to make up the bag is opened, or will be subject to the actual weight of each bag of cement, adjust the thickness of aggregate, the amount of water and other material, according to a given to determine each coil construction mix proportioning. When using bulk cement, should every dish precision weighing measurement. Cement measurement deviation should be allowed + 2% or less.
3.3.3 admixture and mixture of measurement: bags powdered admixture and mixture, should according to each batch in selectiving examination 10 bags of weight, and measuring average weight for each bag, to make up less than the calibration weight. For bulk or large packaging admixture, should according to the construction of each dish dosage is measured in advance in its place, and in the form of a small package to stir site. Set aside. Liquid admixtures to stir increases with the increasing use and balance to check its concentration, measured with a measuring cylinder. Additives and the mixture of measurement deviation should be allowed to plus or minus 2% or less.
3.3.4 mixing water must dish measuring flow meter reading, or use the water tank water level tube mark meter. Its every dish allow deviation plus or minus 2% or less.
3.4 light weight aggregate concrete mixing charge process of:
3.4.1 track lightweight aggregate concrete mixing, bibulous rate is less than 10% appropriate USES secondary feeding process. Will be put into blender with 1/2 weight aggregate water mixing about 1 min, first add the cement mixing a few seconds, and then add the remaining water and admixtures, and continue to stir until 2 min, the method of feeding and mixing process diagram are:

Half the total water consumption
The aggregate 1/2 total water use, water mud additive

Mixing water and aggregate mixture mixing of concrete mixture

Fine aggregate

Lightweight aggregate bibulous rate is greater than 10% of the concrete mixing, appropriate USES prewetting aggregate feeding and mixing process. The general light aggregate prewetting before mixing, according to the order of the coarse aggregate, cement, fine aggregate into blender summary, to be put in a blender mixing barrel 0.5 min dry mixing, and then with water and admixture mixing 2.5 min, the method of feeding and mixing process diagram are:

Water and coarse aggregate net water admixtures

Water compote stirring mixing concrete mixture

Fine aggregate

Rule 3.4.3 adopted since the fall of the mixer feeding and mixing process is: first add 1/2 of the total amount of water, then add the thickness of aggregate and cement mixing lmin, plus surplus water continued to stir 2 min, the method of feeding and mixing process diagram are:

1/2 of the aggregate total water consumption total water use 1/2


Water stirring mixing mud mixture mixed concrete mixture

Fine aggregate

3.4.4 using forced mixer feeding and mixing process is: first cast of coarse aggregate, cement, fine aggregate, mixing lmin, then add water to mixing of not less than 2 min. The method of feeding and mixing process diagram are:


The aggregate total water use admixtures


Water compote stir stir the mixture mixing of concrete mixture

Fine aggregate

3.5 the first set mixing concrete problems that should be paid attention to:
3.5 l before mixing concrete, adding water idle for several minutes, after being churn fully wetting, will more than water is clean.
3.5.2 first plate of mixing concrete, cement mortar to stick wall mixture ratio. Take pre mixing method, namely the use of lightweight aggregate concrete mixture ratio design of a given first put into blender mixing raw materials, the time must be more than double, to be part of the mortar paste on the mixer are compared.in addition, then the rest of the discharged mixture (secondary feed mixing reoccupy), then the normal mixing can be performed.
3.6 mixing time control and inspection: made of lightweight aggregate concrete mixing the shortest time, than ordinary concrete mixing time should be extended to 60 ~ 90 s, general for the 180 s; When mixed with admixture, stirring time should be extended appropriately.
Discharge: 3.7 should be a little out of material, visual appearance quality of mixture, such as visual inspection qualified before discharging. Each coil must be out of the mixture.
3.8 light weight aggregate concrete mixing quality inspection:
3.8.1 check of lightweight aggregate concrete mixing raw materials used in varieties, specifications and usage, each working class at least twice a day. The rain period construction, to increase the water content of lightweight aggregate inspection and measurement.
3.8.2 check in pouring location of lightweight aggregate concrete slump and workability, each class more than two times. Stage rain, winter construction and a change in grade of lightweight aggregate concrete, to enhance the number of detection.
3.8.3 within each class, when light weight aggregate concrete mixture ratio due to outside influences have change, should check in time.

3.8.4 lightweight aggregate concrete mixing time should check at any time.
3.8.5 check appearance quality should be a mixture of lightweight aggregate concrete, stir well, consistent color, good liquidity, adhesiveness and water retention, no bleeding, no segregation. Do not conform to the requirements, should check the reason, adjust in time.
3.8.6 according to the following provisions lien block:
3.8.6.1 100 per mixing disc and no more than 100 m3 with mixing proportion of concrete, the sample shall not be less than once a year.
3.8.6.2 each class of concrete mixing with the mixture ratio of less than 100 plate, the sample shall not be less than once a year.
3.8.6.3 of cast-in-situ concrete structure, each cast-in-place floor with the mixture ratio of concrete, the sample shall not be less than once a year.
3.8.6.4 each sampling should be at least a set of standard specimen, lien with number groups of condition maintenance of specimen to be retained, according to the requirement of technical disclosure.
In order to ensure the representative block, lien should be before the end of the third set to after mixing concrete mixing sampling between 30 min.
Winter construction of lightweight aggregate concrete mixing: 3.9 during that time, demand for raw materials, mixing time, raw material, heating, mixture out of the pot temperature requirements, etc., should be seriously implemented "standard of ordinary concrete mixing process on site" in article 3.9 and the concrete structure engineering construction and acceptance standard ".
3.9.1 weight aggregate shall not contain ice and snow and frozen clumps.
3.9.2 winter appropriate USES the secondary feeding of lightweight aggregate concrete mixing, secondary mixing process (see rule 3.4 l of the mixing process), in order to improve the workability of lightweight aggregate concrete.
3.9.3 winter should pay attention to test the moisture content of aggregate, timely adjust the water consumption, given slump different components in a timely manner. Than normal temperature slump increases commonly 4 to 6 cm, to ensure that it has good liquidity, adhesiveness and water retention.
4 quality standards
4.1 ensure projects:
4.4.1 lightweight aggregate concrete used in the cement, aggregate, admixture, mixture specifications and varieties and must be in conformity with the relevant provisions of the construction specification and quality.
Inspection method: inspect raw materials factory certificate and test report.
4.2.2 assess the strength of lightweight aggregate concrete block, must according to the concrete strength inspection criteria (GBJ107 87) sample making.
Inspection method: check the strength of lightweight aggregate concrete block test reports and strength assessment information.
4.2 the basic items:
2 should mix of lightweight aggregate concrete, consistent color, good workability.
Inspection methods; Observe check.
4.2.2 of lightweight aggregate concrete mixture slump should accord with the requirement of construction specifications or their mixture ratio notice.
Inspection methods: field testing and checking construction records.
Holdings in construction of winter water, the heating temperature of aggregate and concrete mixture out of the pot temperature should accord with the requirement of construction specifications.
Inspection methods: field testing and checking construction records.
5 quality problems should be paid attention to
5.1 stir the mixture not divide evenly. Color is not consistent: the main reason is the insufficient mixing time.
Particularly to ensure that the winter construction and add the additive, enough time to stir the mixture.
5.2 poor workability, its produce loose mixture is not sticking together and aggregate segregation, floating or mixture to form a mass of unfavorable casting. The main reason is: lightweight aggregate gradation is poor; Sand ratio is too small; Raw materials inaccurate measurement; Or short mixing time. Should overcome the defect carefully, in order to guarantee the good workability of mixture.
5.3 mixture slump is not stable. Master is not accurate, the main reason is that water thickness determination of the change of moisture content in aggregate not promptly, failed to timely adjust the water consumption. Followed by water measurement is not accurate, much less dosage of water. This phenomenon must be overcome to ensure the immanent quality of mixture.
5.4 when using admixture, appropriate in aggregate after absorbing water. To avoid excessive aggregate pore of admixture of absorption. Especially liquid admixtures, use prewetting aggregate, admixture should join with residual water at the same time. Join powder admixture can be made into liquid according to the former method, can also be mixture with cement to join at the same time, to ensure the uniform mixing.
6 quality records
This technology standard should have the following quality records:
6.1 cement factory certification or test certification.
6.2 cement second-round exam list.
6.3 the sand test report.
6.4 light fine aggregate test report.
6.5 light aggregate test report.
6.6 additive product certificate and the certificate of quality.
Dosage of 6.7 admixture in the test report and test report.
6.8 gap of fly ash bricks.
6.9 test report of fly ash.
6.10 concrete of notice.
6.11 concrete construction log (including winter logs).
6.12 concrete early identification.
6.13 concrete block strength test report.
6.14 concrete strength evaluation records.

Phone box installation process and group

Telephone socket and group box installation
1 scope
The technology standard is applicable to weak current phone box installation with group.
2 construction preparation
2.1 material requirements:
2.1.1 telephone box panel: there should be no damage, defects such as scratches, qualified products should be adopted, and product certification.
2.1.2 group box: there are two kinds of wood or iron. The phenomenon such as wooden box can not have split, broken, the casing surface should be smooth level off, due the anti-corrosion measures; Iron box can not have concave and convex inequality defects, gray paint is brushed again after do anticorrosive processing.
2.1.3 screw: various specifications of the screw must be through galvanized processing.
2.1.4 telephone cable type and specification and cable logarithmic should comply with the design requirements, and product certification.
2.1.5 telephone line installation and wiring should conform to the requirement of design. Please refer to the section construction of piping layout process.
2.2 the main equipment:
G wire clamp, a word screwdriver, cross screwdriver, wire stripping pliers, sank, intercom line.
2.3 operation conditions:
2.3.1 telephone system pipeline, box are laying out.
2.3.2 civil metope paint spray and decoration is complete.
2.3.3 by ground lead to port, should stay civil after plaster, box fixed on ground.
3 operation process
3.1 process:
Telephone socket box installation requirement to clear the box (box), check the wire connection - > number

3.2 the phone socket, group box installation requirements:
3.2.1 socket, group box equipment should be installed firmly, position difficult indeed.
3.2.2 generally with the height of 1.5 m from ground socket; Dark outfit electrical outlet is apart from the ground is 300 mm.
3.2.3 socket installation height and position should comply with the design requirements.
3.2.4 socket position above the heating pipe, the spacing should be greater than 200 mm; Below the heating pipe, the spacing should be greater than 300 mm.
3.2.5 embedded dark outfit group box and relevant technical data are shown in table 3-40, table 3-41.
4 quality standards
4.1 ensure projects:
4.4.1 panel must be installed firmly, to accompany the building walls. Panel without the phenomenon such as splitting, warping deformation; Set of wire can not have wall crack in the oven, must do the anti-corrosion treatment.
4.1.2 wire pressure welding must be strong, right.
Inspection method: feet, observe the examination.
4.2 the basic items:
2 set of box, box should be clean without sundry, panel clean no scratch damage phenomenon.
4.2.2 telephone line in the box (box) should have appropriate allowance.
Inspection method: to observe the examination.
4.3 allowable deviation:
The same indoor socket installation height is not more than 5 mm, adjacent rows installation height is not more than 2 mm.
Test method: 'quantity check.
5 finished product protection
5.1 installation panel, should pay attention to maintain the cleanliness of the metope, ground, and shall not damage and destruction of metope and ground.
When patch 5.2 plasma live, should pay attention to protect installed panel, may not be the pollution.
5.3 the ground socket outlet of waterproof measures should be adopted.
6 should pay attention to quality problems
Not clean 6.1 box, box, box, box sundry, should be removed to keep inside and outside clean, not contaminated with mortar.
6.2 panel installation is firm, fixed screw screw fixation should be in place, make the panel surface and fixed firmly against buildings.
6.3 panel level exceed the allowable deviation, should be timely correction.
6.4 telephone reserve quantity is not enough or too much and the conductor is placed in the oven, should be in accordance with relevant requirements will wire with adequate allowance, and tie them into beam.
6.5 wire crimping not firm, firm should be required to press the wire.
6.6 wire crimping number after chaos, shall all be renumbered after careful check.
7 quality records
7.1 phone product certificate, group box and accessories.
7.2 phone and group box installation engineering, en la, self-inspection, mutual inspection records.
7.3 design changes regarding the record, record drawings.
7.4 piping and pipe threading component project quality inspection records.

Copper, brass pipe installation process

Copper, brass pipe installation
1 scope
The technology standard is applicable to work under the pressure of 4 mpa, temperature is 250 ~ 196 ℃ of copper pipe and working pressure of 22 mpa, temperature of 120 ~ 158 ℃ under the brass pipe installation project.
2 construction preparation.
2.1 commonly used materials:
2.1.1 pipes: commonly used copper tube (industrial) of pure copper and brass tube (copper zinc alloy) according to the different manufacturing methods are divided into drawn pipe, rolling and extrusion tube, in general, low pressure pipeline in drawn pipe. Grades of copper pipe commonly used material is: T2, T3, T4, TUP (deoxidized copper); Divided into two kinds of soft and hard. Brass tube number of commonly used material for: H62, H68, H85, HP659-1, divided into soft, semi-hard and hard.
2.1.2 copper alloy. In order to improve the performance of the brass, tin, manganese is added in the alloy. Lead, zinc, phosphorus and other elements as special brass. The effect of adding elements is briefly as follows:
2.1.2.1 add tin can improve the strength of the brass, and can significantly improve its corrosion resistance of the water, so the tin brass is also called "naval brass";
2.1.2.2 plus manganese can significantly improve alloy process performance, strength and corrosion resistance;
2.1.2.3 leaded can improve the machinability and corrosion, but the plastic down slightly;
2.1.2.4 and zinc can improve the mechanical performance and flow performance of alloy; .
2.1.2.5 add phosphorus can improve the toughness of the alloy, hardness, wear resistance and liquidity.
The application of 2.1.3 copper tube. Most used in manufacturing copper pipe and brass tube heat exchange device; Also commonly used in cryogenic equipment and chemical pipelines, piezometric tube lines or transmission liquid pipeline pressure, also often used. When the temperature is greater than 250 ℃, should not be used under pressure.
Extrusion aluminum bronze works QAI10-3-1, 5 and QAI10-4-4 grades of bronze, for machinery and aviation industry, manufacturing high wear resistance, corrosion resistance and strength of pipe.
Tin bronze piping by QSn4 0.3 brands such as tin bronze, is suitable for manufacturing pressure gauge of the spring tube and wear-resisting pipe.
2.1.4 the quality of the copper tube: for installation of steel pipe and copper alloy tube, the surface and inner surface should be smooth, without spot holes, cracks, scarring, tail cracking or porosity. Brass tube must not have green rust and serious dezincification.
Copper and copper alloy pipe for the surface defects of provisions allow degrees are as follows:
Longitudinal scratches depth as shown in table 1-57; Partial lateral recess depth or bulging height is not more than 0.35 mm; Scar scar, foaming and bruised pits, the depth is less than 0.03 mm, the area of no more than 30% of the surface of the pipe. Used as a catheter in the area is not more than 0.5% of the surface of the pipe.
2.1.5 copper and copper alloy pipe fittings. Copper and copper alloy pipe, there is no national standard pipe fittings, elbow, tee, reducer, etc are made of steel tubes processing.
Copper and copper alloy tube longitudinal scratches depth Table 1-57
Wall thickness
(mm) is not greater than longitudinal scratches depth
(mm)
Wall thickness
(mm) is not greater than longitudinal scratches depth
(mm)
2 > 0.04 or less 2, 0.05
Note: for a catheter of copper and copper alloy pipes, no matter the size of the wall thickness, longitudinal scratches depth should not be greater than 0.03 mm.
Copper pipe ovality and wall thickness is not uniformity, should not be more than cylindrical and allow the wall thickness deviation.
Other technical requirements of copper tubes shall meet the following criteria:
1. The drawn steel tube (GB1527-79);
2. The extrusion pipe (GB1528-79);
3. The drawn steel tube (GB1529-79);
4. The extrusion pipe (GB1530-79).

2.1.6 commonly used copper and copper alloy electrode. Common grade with copper and copper alloy electrode and purpose - 58 in table 1. Copper and copper alloy coated are of low hydrogen type electrode; Welding power source is dc.
Copper and copper alloy electrode number and purpose - 58 in table 1
Weld metal
Electrode brand is international type welding core material ingredient tensile strength and elongation of the Lord to use
(%) (MPa) (%)
T107
TCu pure copper copper > 99 cold corner
P 120 ° welding of copper parts, also can be used for surfacing welding on seawater corrosion of carbon steel parts

T227

TCuSnB

Tin phosphor bronze
Tin material 8.
Phosphorus 0.3 or less,
Copper allowance
P 2750

20 or more
Soldering tin phosphor bronze, copper, brass, cast iron and steel parts; Are widely used in the pile of solder phosphor copper bushing, ship propulsion, etc

T237

TCuAl

Aluminum manganese bronze
Aluminum material 3,
Manganese 2 or less,
Copper allowance
P 3920

15 or more
Welding aluminum bronze and other copper alloy, copper alloy and steel welding and repair welding iron, etc

2.1.7 copper and copper alloy welding wire. Used in oxygen - acetylene welding, argon arc welding, carbon arc welding of copper and copper alloy, including brass wire is widely used in brazing of carbon steel, cast iron and hard gold tools, etc. When welds, should with copper welding solvent.
Copper and copper alloy welding wire code:
The HS XXX

For the same type of different codes
Copper and copper alloy
Said wire
Copper and copper alloy welding wire ingredient, performance and application are shown in table l - 59.
2.1.8 welding with flux:
The role of 2.1.8.1 flux:
Copper and copper alloy welding wire ingredient, performance and use table 1 to 59

Wire brand
A solid model
The name of the wire
Wire ingredient (%) of welded joint
The tensile strength of wire
Melting point
The parent metal (MPa) (℃)
HS201 SCu - 2 1.1 special copper wire, tin, silicon, 0.4, 0.4, manganese copper allowance for copper, 1960, 1050 or more
HS202 SCu - 1 p 0.3 low phosphorus copper wire, copper allowance copper 1470 ~ 1770, 1060
60, HS221 SCuZn - 3 tin brass wire copper tin 1, 0.3, silicon zinc allowance H62, 3330, 890 or more
HS222 SCuZn - 4 iron brass wire copper 58, tin, 0.9, 0.1, silicon iron 0.8, zinc allowance H62, 3330, 860 or more
HS224 SCuZn - 5 silicon brass wire copper 62, 0.5, silicon zinc allowance H62, 3330, 905 or more

Wire brand can and use
HS201 excellent welding performance, good weld forming, high mechanical properties, crack resistance performance is good, suitable for the welding, oxygen - acetylene welding copper (pure copper)
Good HS202 liquidity more like copper, it is suitable for oxygen - acetylene gas welding, the arc welding of red copper
HS221 flow properties and mechanical properties are good, suitable for oxygen - acetylene welding of brass and brazing of copper, copper nickel alloys, gray cast iron and steel, is used to set carbide cutting tools
HS222 welding smoke less, other properties, purpose, with "HS221"
HS224 can effectively eliminate the porosity, mechanical performance is good, use with "HS221"
Note: the wire size (mm); Rings - diameter of 1.2; Strip - diameter 3, 4, 5, 6; A length of 1000.

A and metal oxygen, sulfide, metal reduction;
B added beneficial elements, alloy effect;
C after the formation of slag covering on the surface of the metal molten pool and prevent further metal oxidation;
D protection, make the weld slow cooling, improve the joint crystal structure.
The application of the 2.1.8.2 copper and copper alloy flux:
A CJ301 copper welding flux. Performance: melting point 650 ℃, acidic reaction, can effectively molten copper oxide and cuprous oxide; When welding the liquid slag generated cover the surface of weld, prevent the oxidation of the metal. Application: gas welding flux of copper and copper alloy.
B flux components are shown in table l - 60.
Copper and copper alloy welding welding solvent commonly used table table 1 to 60
Borax boric acid H3BO3 Na2B4O7 sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4 potassium carbonate K2CO3 sodium chloride NaCl
100 -- --
-- 100 -- --
50 50 -- -
25, 75 -- -
35 to 50 15 --
- 56-22 of 22

C since oxygen welding flux are shown in table 1-61.
Since oxygen welding flux composition table table 1-61
Flux code melting agent composition (%) should be used
102 50, boric acid and borax 50 gas welding of copper and copper alloys
104 borax 35, no water fluoride 42 plus or minus 2 silver solder welding of copper alloy tube
75 CBK boric acid, borax 25 welding or brazing of copper and copper alloy tube
CBK - 3 boric acid 50, anhydrous potassium fluoride 50 bronze and beryllium bronze with silver brazing
205 sodium oxide, sodium fluoride 12 ~ 16, 20 barium chloride, potassium chloride allowance soldering tin bronze

2.1.9 valve: copper alloy gate valve, globe valve and check valve structure length see GB12221-86.
Copper and copper alloy tube used in valve, flange and gasket, should be based on the nature of the medium, temperature, pressure to choose.
2.2 the commonly used tools:
2.2.1 equipment: wheel saws, hand electric drill, bench drill, impact drill, dc arc welding machine, argon arc welding machine.
2.2.2 tools: live wrench, wrench, hammer, chisel, row needle, vise, hand saw, pipe bending machine, plate edge, manual hydraulic test pump, rubber hammer, straightening device, file, oxygen cylinder, acetylene cylinder, oxygen gauge, pressure gauge, acetylene table, welding torch, cutting torch, welding wire, electric welding pliers, wire cutting pliers, a screwdriver and a hammer.
2.2.3 measuring tool: square steel tape, steel tape, spirit level, flange, welding inspection ruler, Angle gauge, oil standard caliper, sank, level, transit line.
2.3 operation conditions:
2.3.1 pipeline related civil engineering construction, and have already qualified, and can ensure the copper pipe installation is continuously.
2.3.2 and pipeline connection equipment has leveling and alignment and fixed, the secondary grouting process is complete.
2.3.3 drawings, technical documents and information required are ready, and have been, design the blue prints.the design disclosure.
2.3.4 construction plan has been compiled, construction personnel has issued a "engineering task list" and "limit requisition". The necessary technical training has been completed.
2.3.5 pipes, valves and piping fittings have been checked according to the design, has the certificate and relevant materials. Cleaning and degreasing work needs to be completed.
2.3.6 construction scheme and technical measures in the machine such as the preparatory work has been completed.
2.3.7 using bilge mouth or flange connection pipe, construction should each batch before take 1% and not less than two bilge mouth or flanging experiment was carried out. If there is any crack need annealing treatment, redo the test. If there is still a crack, the pipes are to be by annealing, test, reject shall not be used.
2.3.8 materials, labor, equipment basic is complete; The construction site in accordance with requirements; Construction of water, electricity, roads and so on can meet the need, and can ensure continuous construction goes according to plan.
3 operation process
3.1 process:
The copper pipe straightening - cutting - bend - threaded connections - to welding, flange connection

Tungsten argon arc welding to preheat and heat treatment, stents and pipe wall installation and compensator to valve installation, installation

High pressure pipe installation to skim - test - oil pipeline cleaning

Copper pipe straightening 3.2:
3.2.1 of copper and copper alloy pipe straightening should be the tube filling sand, and then use straightening straightening machine; Also can put sand filling brass tablet or workbench, and put in the upper berth wood plate, with a rubber mallet, wooden hammer or wood along the pipe shaft for tapping, piecewise straightening.
3.2.2 attention during the process of straightening can't force too much, may make the pipe surface produces hammer marks, pits, scratches or rough traces. After straightening, pipe sand residue, etc shall be cleaned up.
3.3 cutting:
3.3.1 cutting of copper and copper alloy tube can use hacksaw sawing, grinding wheel, but not the oxygen - acetylene flame cutting.
3.3.2 rainfall distribution on 10-12 copper and copper alloy tube groove processing using file or groove machine, but not the oxygen - acetylene flame cutting processing. Clamping vise of copper tubes on both sides of the jaw should be mat to liner board, in case the task of the pipe.
3.4 bend:
Copper and copper alloy tube heat don't melt, as far as possible when bending after roasted tube filler (e.g., river sand, rosin, etc.) is not easy to remove. Average diameter at 100 mm below the cold bending, pipe bender and the operation method is the same as the cold bending of stainless steel. Pipe diameter at 100 mm above the elbow or welded elbow.
Copper pipe bending straight length should not be less than pipe diameter, and not less than 30 mm.
Pipe bending processing should also be based on conditions such as material, diameter and design requirements to decide.
3.4.1 track roasted bend:
3.4.1.1 tube filling the first dry sand without impurities, and wooden hammer knock, then use the stopper nozzle on both ends of the plug, then draw the heating length mark on the wall, should keep elbow straight length of not less than the pipe diameter, and not less than 30 mm;
3.4.1.2 heat with wood carbon heating period of play, such as using coke heating, should be performed under the condition of closed charcoal stove hair dryer, and constantly rotating pipe, heat evenly;
3.4.1.3 when heating to 400 ~ 500 ℃, quickly remove bending the pipe on the clamping fixture, shall not be in the process of bending in the water cooling pipe body.
3.4.1.4 roasted after bending, tube is not easy to clear the river sand available concentration 15% ~ 20% of hydrofluoric acid in tube remaining 3 hours, make its dissolution, with 10% ~ 15% alkali neutralization, with clean hot water to rinse, again in 120 ~ 120 ℃ drying temperatures by 3 ~ 4 hours.
3.4.2 cold heat bend:
Cold heat bending is commonly used in copper tube. Operation process of the first two way with this one in 1 and 2. When heated to 540 ℃, then immediately remove the pipe, and the heating part of the water, it cools, again on bending clamping fixture.
3.5 threaded connections: threaded connection thread must have comparative with the standard thread of welded steel pipe diameter, can obtain the complete standard thread. Used for high pressure copper pipe thread, however, must be on a lathe processing, according to the requirements of high pressure pipeline construction. Connection, the threaded portion shall be coated with stone, glycerine for packing.
3.6 the flange connections:
3.6.1 copper and copper alloy pipe on the flange according to the stress in a number of different, can choose different forms of flange connection. Flange connection flanging generally have the form of lap joint flange, flat welding flange and butt weld ends flanges, etc., the specific selection should be according to the design requirements. General line pressure within 2.5 MPa by casting copper flange connection smooth surface; When pressure within 6.4 MPa with concave and convex surface of casting copper flange connection. Flange and bolt material selection brand should according to relevant standards issued by the state. Nominal pressure at 0.25 MPa and 6 MPa pipe connection, using copper set of flanging living flange or copper pipe flange flanging live.
3.6.2 copper, which is connected with copper and copper alloy pipe flange should adopt welding, welding method and quality requirements shall be in accordance with the welding of steel tube,.
3.6.3 when design without the specific provision, copper and copper alloy pipe flange gasket can be used commonly in the rubber asbestos pad or copper gaskets.
3.6.4 radar echoes captured at the outer edge of the flange on the cylinder should be hit material grades, nominal pressure and nominal diameter. Such as flange material mark for the H62, PN = 2.5 MPa, DN = 100 mm, the stamp is marked as: H6225-100.
3.6.5 flange:
Live 3.6.5.1 pipeline in flange connection, there are two kinds of structure: one is the pipe flange (figure l - 58), the other is a pipe welding welding ring. The material of the same as the pipe welding ring. Flanging live flange and welding flange standard ring size specifications as shown in the chemical and the original first machinery industry department.
3.6.5.2 copper and copper alloy tube flanging die with internal model and external mold. Internal model is a conical die, its diameter should be over the pipe diameter equal or slightly smaller. Mold is two and a half long neck flange as shown in figure 1-59.
In order to eliminate the internal stress of the flanging part material, in front of the tube over, first measure out the pipe flange width are shown in table 1-62, and then draw a good line. Will the length with gas nozzle is heated to above the recrystallization temperature, average is about 450 ℃. Then the natural cooling or water quenching. After waiting for the pipe cooling, will be on the inside and outside the die set and fixed on the workbench, hammer percussion flanging or use press. After all flip again knock flat file light, flanging operation is completed.
Copper pipe flange width (mm) table 1-62
Nominal diameter DN 15 20 to 25 32 40 to 50, 65, 80, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250
Flanging width 16 18 to 20 and 24 November 13

3.6.5.3 should maintain two concentric tube steel pipe flange connection, the deviation is: the nominal diameter of 50 mm or less, ≯ 1 mm; Nominal diameter of 50 mm, or ≯ 2 mm.
3.6.6 copper flange sealing gasket between the general use of asbestos rubber sheet or copper gaskets, but also can choose other material according to the medium temperature and pressure of the gasket.
3.7 welding: copper in the welding process, there are easy to oxidation, easy deformation and easy to evaporation (such as zinc, etc.), easily into adverse phenomenon such as porosity, bring difficulties to welding. So when the welding copper tube, must choose a reasonable welding process, the proper use of welding and weldment, strictly abide by the welding procedures and constantly improve the operating technique, to obtain high quality welds.
When the design without the specific provision, copper pipe welding straight USES the manual tungsten argon arc welding; Appropriate USES oxygen - acetylene welding copper alloy pipes.
3.7.1 to prevent liquid and flows into the tube, welding time using the following form:
3.7.1.1 under 22 mm diameter, using manual bilge mouth machine will be inserted into a socket welding pipe expansion, or use the casing welding (sleeve length L = 2 ~ 2.5 D, D for pipe diameter). But the expansion of the socket length should not be less than the pipe diameter, and the flow direction of medium should meet the installation as shown in figure l - 60.
3.7.1.2 with diameter brass counterpart welding, can be used with method of soldering.
3.7.2 groove style: when design without the specific provision, butt welding shall comply with the provisions of the table l - 63.
Copper and copper alloy tube, pipe groove type, size and set of clearance (mm) table 1-63

3.7.3 group to: should reach wall ridge flat, the lining of the wrong side amount shall not exceed 10% of the wall thickness, and no greater than 1 mm. Different wall thickness of pipe and tube group of may according to the corresponding provisions of carbon steel pipe processing pipe groove.
3.7.4 groove clearing: groove surface and its edge inside and outside surface, within the scope of not less than 20 mm should be removed before welding using organic solvent oil, using mechanical method or chemical cleaning to remove oxide film, make its metallic luster. Wire before use is also using the same method.
The formula listed in table l - 69 processing of copper and copper alloy materials, must use clean water to rinse, then wash with hot water, and passivation of the best.
Passivation solution composition and operating conditions are shown in table l - 65.
Passivation solution components and operating conditions of table 1-65
Between the composition of passivation solution when operating temperature (℃) (min)
30 ml of sulfuric acid
Sodium chromate 90 g
1 g of sodium chloride
1 l water
Note: after the passivation treatment of workpiece, should first rinse with cold water, with hot water after washing and drying.

3.7.5 welding:
3.7.5.1 gas welding, welding wire diameter is equal to the thickness of pipe, can be used in general copper wire or "HS201" (special copper wire), "SH202" (low phosphorus copper wire); Gas welding flux can be used "CJ301". Before welding, clean up the pipe and the welding wire, and use sand paper burnish, carefully make the pipe end less hair, also not too light.
3.7.5.2 manual electric arc welding:
A strong, the conductivity of copper applied to preheating before welding (with oxygen - acetylene preheat to 200 ℃ or above), and large current welding.
B the linear expansion coefficient of copper (bigger than mild steel is about more than 50%), fast (about 8 times larger than the mild steel) of thermal conductivity, heat affected zone, during solidification shrinkage stress is larger, so the assembly gap bigger.
C based on factors such as tubing composition and thickness, to correctly choose the types of electrode, diameter and welding current strength. See table, table 1 and 1-68-68.
Welding current reference table table 1-66
Welding butt joint welding of lap joints
Wall thickness
Electrode diameter (mm)
(mm) current strength
(A) wall thickness
Electrode diameter (mm)
(mm) current strength
(A)
2.5
3
4
5
6 3.2
3.2 ~ 4
4
4 ~ 5
5 ~ 6 130 ~ 140
140 ~ 200
180 ~ 220
200 ~ 250
2.5 220 ~ 280
3
4
5
6 3.2
3.2
3.2
4
4, 110-110
110 ~ 140
120 ~ 250
160 ~ 180
180 ~ 200
D welding of brass, in order to reduce the evaporation and oxidation at high temperature, welding current intensity should be smaller than copper. Due to easy to make people poisoning when zinc evaporation, welding should be chosen in the place where the air circulation.
E copper in dc power supply should be adopted when welding reverse polarity connection (artifacts cathode).
F after welding while welding under the hot, with deng xiaoping weld hammer, in order to eliminate the thermal stress, the metal compact structure, improve the mechanical properties.
3.7.5.3 soldering, brazing strength is small. General joint in the form of lap joint. Lap joint length is 6 ~ 8 times the wall thickness. Pipe nominal diameter (D) is less than 25 mm, lap length is (1.2 ~ 1.5), D (mm).
After soldering pipe fittings, must be conducted within 8 hours cleaning, removal of residual flux and slag. Commonly used boiling aqueous solution containing 10% ~ 15% of the alum besmear to brush, joint dry and then rinse with water.
3.7.5.4 tungsten argon arc welding (see 3.8).
3.8 tungsten argon arc welding: replace carbon with tungsten arc welding of carbon electrode, and argon (inert gas) to protect the molten pool, in order to obtain high quality welded joint.
3.8.1 use wire: copper argon arc welding, use wire containing deoxidizing elements, such as HS201, HS202; Welding wire, if use do not contain DNA elements such as T2 brand, need to be used in conjunction with CJ301 of brazing flux.
3.8.2 spot welding positioning: solid welding the weld length is to thin and long (20 to 30 mm), such as found crack should be shoveling welding.
3.8.3 copper tungsten argon arc welding with dc welding left on polarity.
Keep 3.8.4, arc length in 3 ~ 5 mm, 8 ~ 14 mm. In order to ensure the quality of weld fusion, often using preheating, large current and high speed welding. Wall thickness is less than 3 mm, preheating temperature is 150 ~ 300 ℃; Wall thickness is greater than 3 mm, preheating temperature is 350 ~ 500 ℃; Width based on joint center, each side is not less than 100 mm. preheating
Temperature shoulds not be too high, otherwise the heat affected zone expanded, poor Labour conditions.
3.8.5 copper tungsten argon arc welding parameters such as table 1-67.
Copper pole manual argon arc welding parameter table 1-67
thickness
Tungsten electrode diameter (mm)
Wire diameter (mm)
Welding current (mm)
(A) the argon gas flow
L/min nozzle diameter
(mm)
< 1.5
2.0 ~ 3.0
4.5 ~ 5.0
6.0 ~ 10
> 2.5
2.5 ~ 3.0
4
5
5 ~ 6 2
3
3 ~ 4
4 ~ 5
6 ~ 7 140 ~ 140
160 ~ 280
250 ~ 350
300 ~ 400
6 ~ 8, 350 ~ 350
6 ~ 10
8 ~ 12
10 to 14
12 ~ 16 August
8 ~ 10
10 ~ 12
10 ~ 12
12 ~ 14

3.8.6 during welding should pay attention to prevent "tungsten" phenomenon and between crack. Can be used to elicit board or head welding, after a pause, a cold cold welding again..
3.9 preheat and heat treatment. In addition to the above mentioned in their request:
3.9.1 brass welding, preheating temperature is: the wall thickness is 5 ~ 15 mm, 400 ~ 500 ℃; When the wall thickness is greater than 15 mm, is 550 ℃.
3.9.2 brass oxygen - acetylene welding, preheating width as a benchmark, at the center of the joint is 150 mm on each side.
3.9.3 brass after welding, weld should be heat treatment after welding. After welding heat treatment temperature: eliminating stress treatment for 400 ~ 450 ℃; Softening annealing treatment for 550 ~ 600 ℃. Pipe welding heat treatment, should be in commonly after welding in a timely manner.
3.10 stents and pipe wall: installation should be smooth and firm, spacing should comply with the specifications and design requirements and specifications. Pipe through the wall and floor slab should be added when the steel casing, casing caulking silk.
3.11 compensator installation: installed copper waveform compensator, the straight pipe length shall not be less than 100 mm, other technical requirements in accordance with the requirements of relevant chapters.
3.12 the valve installation:
3.12.1 before the installation, should check the models and specifications, carefully check whether meet the design requirements. Check the valve stem and valve disc flexible, do you have any jam and askew phenomenon valve plate must be closed tightly.
3.12.2 before installation, must first to strength and leak test of the valve, unqualified shall not be installed. The valve test rules are as follows:
3.12.2.1 low-pressure valves from each batch (same manufacturer, same specification, same model, at the same time the arrival of the goods) in selectiving examination 10%, at least one, for strength and leak test. If there are unqualified, 20% selectiving examination again, if there is still need to check one by one.
3.12.2.2 high and medium pressure valve and transporting toxic (poisonous and see regulations issued by the national labor bureau brush toxic matters "pressure vessel safety supervision regulations") and party a and b fire substances (see the code for fire protection design of buildings) valve shall be individually strength and leak test.
3.12.2.3 valve strength and leak test application clean water, when the temperature of the working medium of light petroleum products or greater than 120 ℃ of petroleum distillation valve products, application of kerosene experiment.
3.12.2.4 valve strength test shall be carried out according to the following provisions:
A nominal pressure is less than or equal to 32 mpa of its test pressure is 1.5 times the nominal pressure valve;
B nominal pressure is greater than or equal to 32 mpa valve the test pressure according to table 1-68;
Greater than 32 mpa valve strength test pressure table 1-68
Nominal pressure (MPa), 40, 50, 64, 80, 100
Test pressure (MPa) 56 70 90 110 70

C test time less than 5 minutes, no leakage for qualified for shell and packing.
3.12.2.5 except butterfly valve, check valve, bottom valve, throttle valve, outside the leak test should be generally with the nominal pressure, when not able to determine the nominal pressure, 1.25 times working pressure test are available, and also qualified for valve sealing surface does not leak. Reserve pressure is less than or equal to 2.5 MPa water gate valve with cast iron, cast copper is allowed no more than table 1-69 the amount of leakage.
Gate valve sealing surface allow leakage table 1-69
Nominal diameter
(mm) leakage
Nominal diameter (cm3 / min)
(mm) leakage
Nominal diameter (cm3 / min)
(mm) leakage
(cm3 / min)
40 0.05 350 2.00 900 25 or less
50 ~ 80 0.10 80 3.00 400 30
100 ~ 150 0.20 500 5.00 150 50
0.30 600 10.00 1400 600 200
250 0.50 700 15.00 1600, 100 or more
300 800 20.00 1.50

3.12.2.6 nominal pressure is less than 1 mpa, and nominal diameter greater than or equal to 600 mm gate valves are not separate, hydrostatic strength and leak test. Strength test in the system test according to the test pressure of the piping system and leak test can be color printing method inspection on disc sealing surface, the surface should be continuous.
3.12.2.7 butt welding of the valve leak test independently, strength test can generally be in the system test.
3.12.2.8 leak test unqualified valve, must check and disintegration of a test.
3.12.2.9 alloy steel valves shall be individually spectral analysis was carried out on the shell, review the material. Alloy steel and high pressure valves per batch take 10%, and not less than one, the collapse of the internal check valve components, such as not qualified you need to inspect.
3.12.2.10 disintegration check valve quality shall meet the following requirements:
The spectral analysis of the internal parts of a alloy steel valve, material correct;
B seat and body is strong;
C the combination of the valve core and valve seat is good, and zero defect;
D flexible connection of valve stem and valve core, and reliable;
E the cup without bending, corrosion, stem and packing gland with moderate, thread without defect;
F joint bonnet and valve body, good; Gaskets, packing, bolts, etc is complete, no defects.
3.12.2.11 valve parts inspection process is as follows:
A remove valve (valve core is not removed from the valve stem);
B cleaning, check all parts and lubrication moving parts;
C valve assembly, including assembly gasket, packing and check whether the moving parts is flexible to use;
D repair defects found in disassembly and assembly;
E valves italics must achieve (9) and (10).
3.12.2.12 test of valve, should be timely as internal water, sealing surface should be coated rust-proof oil (except to skim the valve), close the valve, closed entrances and exits. High pressure valve should fill in "high pressure valve test record" (table 1-70).
3.12.3 horizontal pipeline valve, the valve stem 45 ° appropriate vertical or to the left and right sides, also can be installed horizontally, but unfavorable down; Vertical pipeline valve stem, must follow the operating circuit line direction installation.
3.12.4 valve should be kept closed when installation, and pay attention to the characteristics of the valve and the flow direction of medium.
3.12.5 valve and pipeline connection, and not to tighten the flange connecting bolts; Of threaded connection valves, the thread should be intact, hexagonal body at the end of the tight time stuck valve with a wrench.
3.12.6 installing a threaded valve, the general should be set on the valve outlet a union.
3.12.7 for operating mechanism and transmission device of the valve, should be in after installation of valve, then install the operating mechanism and transmission device, and they are clean before installation, after installation should also adjust their flexible and accurate indicating.
3.12.8 globe valve valve body cavity left and right sides of the asymmetry, when installation should pay attention to the direction of fluid flow. Should make the pipe fluid from down to up through the valve tray, because of this flow of fluid resistance small, open and effort, shut down after the packing is not contact with the media, for maintenance.
3.12.9 gate valves should not be inversion. Flip, promote medium long-term stored in the body space, maintenance is not convenient. Gate lifting, the rope should be tied on the flange, not tied to the hand wheel or valve parts, in case of broken stem. Rising stem valves can't put in the ground, in case of stem rust.
3.12.10 check valve has a strict direction, in addition to pay attention to the body by the medium flow direction when installation, must also note the following points:
3.12.10.1 installing a lift check valve should be installed, to ensure that the valve plate movements flexible and reliable operation.
3.12.10.2 flap type check valve is installed, should pay attention to the flow direction of medium, as long as the guarantee of rolled plate rotation pivot horizontally, but half in horizontal or vertical line.
3.12.11 installation safety valve must comply with the following provisions:
3.12.11.1 bar type relief valve to prevent heavy hammer to mobile devices and on its own limitation leverage more out of hand;
3.12.11.2 spring safety valve to improve handle and prevent random dynamic adjustment screw device;
3.12.11.3 dead-load safety valve to prevent heavy piece fly off the device;
3.12.11.4 impulse safety valve impulse catheter on access to the valve, to maintain full open and seal;
3.12.11.5 check its verticality, when found, should be in correction;
3.12.11.6 set-up conditions of different safety valve, put into operation in the pipeline, the set-up should be in a timely manner;
3.12.11.7 finally the appropriate adjustment on the system of safety valve, opening pressure and back pressure should be consistent with the provisions of the design documents;
3.12.11.8 relief valve adjusted, in the work can not have leakage under pressure;
3.12.11.9 relief valve adjusted after qualified, heavy as a seal, and fill in the "safety valve adjustment test record".
3.13 high pressure pipeline installation:
3.13.1 pipe should be marked. Bundles of supply of high pressure pipe after being separated, should be timely in each tube in order to identify the material of paint marker or playing on seal. During the installation process, when the paint mark in the high pressure pipe, seal, cut off by a grind to or tag on besmear again immediately or on a seal. Used in the high pressure pipe pipe fittings, fasteners, valves and fittings, etc must be according to their level of material, temperature, product number, such as strict classification piled up, and indicate it is forbidden to use the wrong respectively.
3.13.2 connection form. The connection forms of high-pressure work such as welding, flange connection, and threaded connections, but must be in strict accordance with the design requirements of connection form to connect, do not get optional change.
3.13.3 pipe before using the check:
3.13.3.1 high-pressure pipeline internal should be removed before installation, check with white cloth, to no rust, dirt, moisture, etc.
3.13.3.2 threaded portion should be clean, the appearance inspection, can not have defects, and then coated with molybdenum disulfide (except you have skimmed requirement).
3.13.3.3 sealing surface and finish packing in accordance with the requirements, can not have affect the sealing performance of defects such as scratches, spots, and coated with oil or white petroleum jelly (except with skim requirements).
3.13.4 welding:
3.13.4.1 high pressure steel pipe, welding must be in strict accordance with the design and specification requirements. Welding wire, welding wire should be used in the factory certificate, before use should be performed in accordance with the requirements of product manual baking; Welder test and welding method, welding material, must be consistent with actual project execution.
3.13.4.2 high pressure pipe welding using rotating flat as much as possible.
3.13.4.3 use argon arc welding of high pressure pipeline, render to render the tube into argon gas protection, and finish packing and covering welding.
3.13.4.4 high-pressure pipeline of welding groove type, size and set of clearance should be done according to the requirements of design in general.
3.13.4.5 set of requirements:
A wall thickness 15 mm or less, the wrong side of the amount of 0.5 mm or less.
B wall thickness > 15 mm, the wrong side of 1 mm or less.
After the c joint group, both the axis of the nozzle should be in a straight line, and the deflection error 1 per thousand or less.
3.13.4.6 before welding groove and should be near 10 ~ 20 mm wide on the surface of the dirt, oil stains, rust and water clean. When welding, should will wear in the resistance spot welding of meat, welding again. Used when welding electrode, welding wire, chemical composition and mechanical properties and the quality of the electrode diameter and welding layer number must be in strict accordance with the relevant design and norms.
3.13.4.7 welding allowed minimum temperature, preheating, heat treatment after welding, pickling and passivation treatment, weld appearance inspection, X-ray perspective or ultrasonic flaw detection, etc., shall be carried out in accordance with the design and the relevant specification.
3.13.4.8 welds, on both ends of the pipe should be blocked, don't let the tube ventilation; At the same time, it may not be at a draught or in rain and snow hit the welding place.
3.13.4.9 every joint should finish a welding, without interruption, such as had to interrupt, should take measures to make it slowly cooling; Again continue to welding joint clean-up must first, should break the arc in the original place 6 ~ 10 mm began to arc. For preheating, must make a new preheating.
After the 3.13.4.10 high pressure pipe welding, test according to the special regulations.
3.13.5 flange connection:
3.13.5.1 before installation should be threaded portion, and seal face and sealing gasket clean. Then the appearance inspection, find out the defects do not affect the sealing performance. Threaded flange machining size should comply with the regulations of H12-67, the flange end face and the center line of the thread should be vertical to each other, when the nominal diameter of 50 mm or less, not verticality deviation should be < 1 mm; When the nominal diameter of 50 mm >, not verticality deviation < 1.5 mm.
3.13.5.2 in addition to the design requirements for degreasing, the threaded portion shall be coated with molybdenum sulfide, sealing and gasket should be coated with oil or white petroleum jelly.
3.13.5.3 threaded flange screw set on pipe threads, and make the pipe thread of the leakage, and the metal gasket into the threaded flange seal seat correctly.
Stud 3.13.5.4 will wear into the flange bolt hole in each group, again at both ends to bring all nut, each nut screw with the hand did not move.
3.13.5.5 press with torque wrench symmetric cross in order to further tighten each nut, strength should be uniform, appropriate is divided into two to three times to complete. Tighten bolts on both ends of the exposed length should be consistent, and not less than two button thread, flange and metal gasket should be concentric.
3.13.5.6 butt welding flange connection: flange and pipe welding process in accordance with the pipe welding technology. Flange and flange connection method is consistent with the high pressure thread flange connection.
3.13.6 threaded connections:
Threaded connections are generally only used in nominal diameter < 20 mm detachable connection of high pressure pipeline.
High-pressure pipe thread USES threaded coupling 3.13.6.1 basic size and processing length should comply with the design requirements or the rules and regulations of construction. The formation and size of tube end sealing surface shall comply with the design requirements or the provisions of the relevant national standards and ministerial standard.
3.13.6.2 high-pressure pipe thread and seal face lathe processing must be used. Turning the high pressure pipe thread, should be within the circle of centering, pipe don't stress too much in the fixture.
3.13.6.3 should be used for processing good pipe thread thread gauge to inspect; Can also be qualified monogamous inspections threaded flange, namely unarmed screw-in no looseness is qualified. Thread roughness meet the requirements, the surface can not have defects such as crack, depression, burr. A slight mechanical damage or incomplete section thread, total length of the total should be no greater than l / 3 laps. Thread tooth high reduction should be not more than 1/3 of the height.
3.13.6.4 for processed tube cone Angle sealing surface, must be pervious to light check with templates. Car after the first sealing surface of each specification, standard lens gasket should be adopted for color of examination, the contact line shall not be interrupted or offset. Tube cone Angle seal surface must not have scratches, scratches, dents, chew knife, Ra3.2 roughness should not less than standard requirement, Angle error should be not more than + / - 5 °. Flat gasket sealed tube end sealing surface should be perpendicular to the pipe centerline, roughness of not less than required.
3.13.6.5 high pressure within the threaded pipe connection must be used in the specification, type, mark are in conformity with product certificate. Before using should be appearance inspection one by one, and can not have influence strength or the defect of sealing. If have a doubt about its quality, should by magnetic testing, ultrasonic testing method to test and verify.
3.13.7 high bending tubes can use cold heat bending and roasted. 20 # steel pipe roasted bend, the temperature of hot bending with 800 ~ 900 ℃ advisable, heating temperature should not exceed 1050 ℃, bending temperature shall not be lower than 800 ℃. Shall not adopt any coal or coke heating, the application of charcoal as fuel, to avoid the carburizing. The heating temperature thermocouple to measure. In order to check whether there is any damage on the pipe after bending, after bending, should again for nondestructive flaw detection, such as flawed, and allowed to burnish, the minimum wall thickness after grinding shall be not less than 90% of nominal wall thickness.
Bend work such as after the thread processing, dealing with threads and sealing surface protection measures are taken.
High bending pipe jacketed compound, generally should be after the head bending and after secondary inspection qualified.
3.13.8 high-pressure pipe support installation:
3.13.8.1 pipe and elevation, the installation of the hanger size should comply with the design rules. Pipe, hanger spacing should comply with the regulations of design requirements and norms. Bracket installation should be a right firm.
3.13.8.2, hanger and pipeline contact parts, must be carried out anti-corrosive, then in accordance with the requirements of design codes or temperature in the middle of the pipe and branch, hanger set wooden pad, soft metal or rubber asbestos mat, etc.
3.13.8.3 with thermal displacement of high pressure pipeline, derrick should be in the opposite direction of the displacement according to the half of the displacement values deviating from the installation, and in the pipes into operation of the heat load, again carries on the inspection and adjustment.
3.13.9 the date of acceptance of high pressure pipeline: commissioning shall be jointly by construction unit and construction unit review completed project documents, and to do so. Need to review the completed project documents include:
3.13.9.1 high-pressure pipe factory certificate of all;
3.13.9.2 high-pressure pipe acceptance check the registration form and validation report;
3.13.9.3 high-pressure pipe processing certificate;
3.13.9.4 high pressure pipe fittings, fasteners and valve factory all the certificates and calibration report of fasteners;
3.13.9.5 high pressure valve test certificate;
3.13.9.6 high pressure pipe welding work record;
3.13.9.7 high-pressure pipeline test, purging records;
3.13.9.8 design changes and materials substitute materials.
The above information are as completion of data, by the construction unit to the construction unit. Acceptance when dealing with the field inspection, inspection include: whether finished construction of pipeline system is consistent with design drawings; Pipe parts whether complete, the bolt is tightened individually, pipeline transmission equipment whether there are additional external force. Completion of documents review and on-site inspection qualified, and after a single machine and linkage commissioning, shall be put into production.
3.14 based:
3.14.1 oil pipe and pipe fittings (including fasteners) need to skim processing, should be carried out in accordance with the design request of degreasing agent and degreasing; When the design without the specific provision, black metal pipes, pipe fittings of degreasing agent appropriate USES carbon tetrachloride; Non-ferrous metal pipes, pipe fittings of degreasing appropriate USES dichloroethane or industrial alcohol.
3.14.2 tube on the oil stains or corrosion serious degreasing before, should be removed by adopting the method of steam purging or sand oil or rusty spot.
If 3.14.3 degreasing agent used for carbon tetrachloride or ethylene dichloride, degreasing before for pipes, pipe fittings surface dry processing.
3.14.4 small-bore pipe based appropriate USES soaking method, the pipe into the groove of degreasing agent have, immerse 10 ~ 15 min, should turn the pipe between 3 ~ 4 times, then take out by not oily and dry compressed air or nitrogen purging, until inspection.
3.14.5 skim appropriate USES perfusion method of large diameter pipe, the pipe stand sideways, down pipe mouth closed, with the wall tube from the mouth into the degreasing agent, pumping quantity at more than 50% of the volume pipe advisable, and then plug the nozzle, and the pipe down, every 3 ~ 4 min rolling pipe, but after 3 ~ 4 times rolling, degreasing agent in the drain pipe, reoccupy dry oil-free compressed air to purge, until inspection qualified.
3.14.6 on large diameter pipe outer surface processing, and the available absorbent cotton dips in leaching after degreasing agent is wiped repeatedly to complete. And then placed in a well-ventilated place more than 24 h.
3.14.7 to qualify the degreasing methods. Inspection standard should be according to skim a different functions in the course of production and the danger or damage caused by contaminated by oil, follow the following provisions:
3.14.7.1 directly or may be related to oxygen, oxygen enrichment, nitric acid and other strong oxidizing medium contact equipment, pipes, pipe fittings, valves, etc., can adopt the following any kind of method to check:
With a wavelength of 3200 ~ 3800 lambda ultraviolet ray to check on the surface of the degreasing, without oil fluorescence for qualified;
B wipe clean and dry white filter (tube wall) on the surface of the degreasing, no grease marks on the paper for qualified;
C with no oil vapor purging degreasing, take its condensate, in a small grain of pure camphor (below 1 mm in diameter), with camphor spinning for qualified;
D can't use the method of inspection of degreasing, since based solvent sampling, oil content must not exceed 350 mg/L for qualified.
3.14.7.2 with nitric acid of pipeline should analyze its acid contained in organic matter, total qualified for no more than 0.03%.
3.14.7.3 with solvent degreasing degreasing a residual solvents must be completely blow until no solvent smell. With alkali degreasing must wash clean to neutral with no oil, then dry. Steam blowoff, should be timely to skim a dry. Used for flushing of the austenitic stainless steel without oil and water, the chlorine ion content shall not be greater than 25 PPM.
3.14.7.4 design with inspection standards, should be stipulated in the design of standard test.
3.15 pressure test, pipeline pressure test requirements, according to its nature of input medium, pressure, temperature and other parameters be determined by the design unit or the construction unit. If there is no specific provision, can test according to 1.25 times of stress, time of 10 minutes, no leakage for qualified.
3.16 oil pipeline cleaning:
3.16.1 oil cleaning, on the basis of oil circulation loop every 8 hours in the process should be repeated movements temperature within the range of 40 ~ 70 ℃ 2 ~ 3 times.
3.16.2 oil should adopt suitable for cleaning equipment of high quality oil. Qualified cleaning pipes, effective protection measures should be taken. Commissioning should change before formal oil has the certificate of approval.
3.16.3 oil cleaning eligibility criteria when no design or manufacturing, oil pipeline with mesh check after cleaning, eligibility criteria should be according to the provisions of the table 1-71.
Oil cleaning eligibility criteria in table 1-71
Device speed (r/min) mesh specifications (mesh) and standard
6000, 200 or higher
< 6000 100

4 quality standards
4.1 ensure projects:
4.4.1 pipes, components, welding material type, specification, quality must meet the design requirements and specification requirements.
Inspection methods: inspection certificate of approval and acceptance or test record.
4.1.2 valve specification, type and intensity, the leak test and for dissolution test of valve, must comply with the design requirements and specification requirements.
4.1.3 pressure, pressure and leak test, within the prescribed time must comply with the design requirements and specification requirements.
Inspection method: according to the system check section test record. All inspection according to the system.
4.1.4 weld surface must not have crack, burn through, nodular and serious defects such as slag inclusion and porosity. Joint have special requirements, must conform to the rules.
The method of examination: use a magnifying glass to observe. Joint have special requirements, check test records. According to the system interface spot-check 10%, but not less than five.
4.1.5 nozzle flange surface can not have buckling, defects such as cracks and scratches.
Inspection method: to observe the examination. According to the system interface spot-check 10%, but not less than five.
4.1.6 skim cream oil pipeline, components, fittings, gaskets and packing, etc., must comply with the design requirements or specification provided after degreasing.
Inspection method: inspect degrease record. According to the complete inspection system.
4.1.7 bend surface must not have crack, delamination, and burnt pits of defects.
Spot check method: according to the system by 10%, but no less than three pieces.
4.1.8 weld inspection check: brass welding seam X-ray detector must be stipulated in the design or specification of the number of inspection. Pressure of work in more than 10 mpa, must conform to the 1, paragraph 2 of schedule pressure under 10 mpa, must conform to the schedule 1 paragraph 3.
Inspection method: check the inspection record, if necessary, inspection of joint spot-check 10% according to regulations.
4.1.9 weld mechanical properties testing: the mechanical properties of the welded joint must comply with the provisions of the schedule 2.
Inspection method: check test records.
4.1.10 cleaning and purging of pipeline system should be carried out according to the rules and regulations of design requirements and cleaning, washing.
Inspection method: inspect clean purge records. According to the complete inspection system.
4.2 the basic items:
2 a, crane, the installation position of bracket, right, right is firm. Stents with pipe used asbestos board, soft metal or wood mat is separated, and close contact. Activity of active surface contact with the bearing surface is good, mobile and flexible. Derrick hanger should be vertical, thread is complete. Rust, dirt should be clean, uniform paint, no leakage, good adhesion.
The method of examination: hand pull and observation. According to the system, a number of hanging bracket to spot-check 10%, but no less than three pieces.
4.2.2 pipe slope should comply with the regulations of design requirements and norms.
Inspection methods: inspection records or measured in level (level) examination. According to the system spot check every 50 m straight pipe section 2, less than 50 m a selectiving examination. Have regular intervals in every section of the wall section of the wall.
Holdings compensator installation: Ⅱ type compensator of the two arms should be straight, should not be distorted, outside the arc. Horizontal pipe installation, slope should be consistent with the piping. Waveform and packing or the direction of the compensator installation should be correct.
Inspection method: observe and use level check. According to the complete inspection system.
4.2.4 valve installation position, the direction should be correct, firm connection, closely. Flexible operating mechanism and accurate. Have special requirements of the valve should be in accordance with relevant provisions.
Inspection methods: observation and adjustment or open-close check record. By system valve type each spot 10%, but should not be less than 2. All have special requirements of the valve should be check.
4.2.5 flange connection: to meet closely, parallel, coaxial, and perpendicular to the center line of the pipeline. Bolt force should be homogeneous, and reveal the nut 2 ~ 3, gasket installed correctly. Loose tube flange pipe flange bend down for rounded corners, no wrinkle, crack and surface scrape.
Inspection method: using a wrench screw test, observation and check with your ruler. Each spot 10% according to system within the flange type, but should not be less than 3, have special requirements of the flange should be complete inspection.
4.2.6 allowable deviation (table l - 72 ~ 74) of the project:
5 finished product protection
5.1 after pickling and passivation, qualified or skim pipeline, before installation should still take effective protective measures.
5.2 interrupt construction, pipe must be temporarily closed from work; Seal when installation, pay attention to check whether there is any foreign body on the tube.
5.3 in the gutter pipe laying, mucking before construction waste residue and dirt; It is strictly prohibited to trample push pipeline has been installed, and cover the trench cover plate in a timely manner.
5.4 bend work after the thread processing, thread sealing surface protection measures.
5.5 installed on the wall, concrete column and gutter bracket, should be in the architectural engineering construction with the reserved hole or embedded iron, should not be arbitrarily make hole, in order to avoid damage to buildings.
Copper, brass pipe installation and verify the allowable deviation method table 1-72
Item will allow deviation test method

Joint straightness
The wall thickness of the wall thickness of 10 or less a third with feet and samples' inspection
Weld strengthening layer (mm) > 10 1 mm
2 + 1 mm high degrees with welding inspection check
+ 1 mm wide degree
Deep degree < 0.5 mm
3 bit meat connection length 10 mm and welding inspection ruler to check with your ruler
The total length (sides) is less than 25% of the weld length
Buried check records or measured in 25 mm
Coordinates and elevation gutter, aerial 15 mm weft detector, level (water
4 stand empty 10 mm flat feet) ruler drawing and
To ditch the 15 mm amount to check with your ruler
Longitudinal and lateral direction of horizontal curvature DN 100 mm or less with 0.001 level and straight
DN > 100 mm 0.0015 feet and pull tests
Riser verticality 0.002 15 mm biggest in scale and level alignment checks
5 mm on the same plane with feet and pull tests
Rows between section from + 5 mm
8 / fork tube outer wall and thermal insulation layer + 10 mm check with your ruler
Purple copper 9%
Bend ellipticity yellow copper 8% and outside calipers to check with your ruler
Bend pipe bending plus or minus 3 mm per meter
10 the plus or minus 10 mm long curved Angle with model checking with your ruler
(3) the PN > 10 mpa + / - 1.5 mm per meter
11 elbow crease roughness PN < 10 mpa 2 mm and outside calipers to check with your ruler
Cantilever length 10 mm
12 Ⅱ type compensator dimension 3 mm or less per meter and stay to check with your ruler
The whole long 10 mm or less

Straightness Ⅱ type plus or minus 10 mm
Packing type, waveform + / - 5 mm

5.6 piping during the installation, should prevent the pipe surface is scratch gravel or other hard objects.
5.7 before completion of the acceptance, construction units to organize product protection personnel, 24 h when someone is on duty. And to shut the construction of buildings at any time.
5.8 pipes, pipe fittings should be paid attention to in the construction of safekeeping, shall not be confused and damage. Should avoid contact with carbon steel.
6 should pay attention to quality problems
6.1 copper pipe cutting, groove processing can only be evaluated using the method of cold work.
6.2 the pipe inside and outside surface should be smooth, clean, should not have pinhole, crack, wrinkled skin, layered, rough, pulls, clip

Pipeline weld flaw detection standard table 1-73
The quality inspection standard
A crack is not air hole slag (mm)
time
Grain to melt
Lack of penetration thickness
The number (mm)
A single strip
Slag strip clamp
Slag strip clamp
Slag spacing

Don't
allow
Xu is not
allow
Xu is not allowed to 2.0 ~ 5.0
5.0 ~ 10.0
10.0 ~ 20.0
The 0 ~ 2 of 20.0 to 50.0
2 ~ 3
3 ~ 4
4 ~ 6 are not allowed to not allowed
2 don't
allow
Xu is not
allow
Make no more than 10% of the delta, less than 2 mm, maximum length shall not exceed the slag total length of 2.0 ~ 5.0
5.0 ~ 10.0
10.0 ~ 20.0
20.0 ~ 50.0 2 ~ 4
4 ~ 6
6 ~ 8
9 ~ 12 1/3 of the delta, but minimum of 4, no more than 20 largest within 12 delta length shall not exceed the delta, or in any length within no more than a single strip slag length 6 l, spacing of less than 6 l, slag length of no more than a single strip slag
3 don't
allow
Xu is not
allow
Make no more than 15% of the delta, less than 2 mm, maximum length shall not exceed the slag total length of 2.0 ~ 5.0
5.0 ~ 10.0
10.0 ~ 20.0
20.0 ~ 50.0 3 ~ 6
6 ~ 9
9 ~ 12
12 ~ 18 two-thirds of the delta, but the minimum for the delta, within the maximum length of not more than 30 in six sigma shall not exceed the delta, or in any length within no more than a single strip slag length 3 l, spacing is less than 3 l, no more than a single strip of length of slag slag length

Copper, brass, welded joint mechanical properties table (TJ307-77) table 1-74
Will project
Tensile strength of sigma b (MPa PN 10 MPa 200 ~ 350 or less
PN > 10 mpa 330 ~ 350
Cold bending Angle alpha PN 10 mpa d = 2 s or less, or 120 °
PN > 10 mpa d = 2 s, p 180 °
Room temperature impact value (J/cm2) brass welding PN > 10 mpa is greater than 100
Copper, copper brazing is greater than 160
Brass, brass brazing is greater than 160
Copper, copper brazing is greater than 180
Sigma (MPa) of shear strength of brass, brass brazing is greater than 180
Copper, copper brazing is greater than 250
Brass, brass brazing is greater than 250
603 copper, copper brazing is larger than 250

Defects such as slag, bubble. Brass tube must not have green rust and serious dezincification.
6.3 copper pipe ovality and should not be more than to allow the outside diameter deviation. The pipe end should be smooth without burr. Inside and outside the pipe surface shall not be more than outer diameter and wall thickness deviation of partial pits, scratches, pressure into the content, defects such as bruised.
6.4 flange connection of copper tube, should maintain alignment, the deviation is: DN 50 mm or less, not more than 1 mm; DN
> 50 mm, no more than 2 mm.
7 should possess the quality of the record
7.1 should be material equipment factory certificate.
7.2 material equipment in the inspection records.
7.3 main engineering records.
7.4 the riser preview records.
7.5 pipe single test record.
7.6 pipe hidden inspection records.
7.7 system pressure test record.
7.8 system flushing records.

Ordinary concrete mixing technology field

Ordinary concrete mixing at the scene
1 scope
The technology standard is applicable to industrial and civil construction of common concrete mixing at the scene.
2 construction preparation
2.1 material and main equipments:
2.1.1 cement: the varieties of cement, label, factory don't and the mixing proportion of concrete of the brand should comply with the notice requirements. Cement should have the factory certificate and test report approach.
2.1.2 sand, sand particle size and origin shall comply with the requirements of concrete notice. Silt content in the sand: when the concrete strength grade C30 or silt content 3% or less; < C30 concrete strength grade, the silt content of 5% or less, frost resistance, impermeability requirements, silt content should be 3% or less. In sand soil, the content of pure clay (greater than 5 mm), when the concrete strength grade C30 or higher, the content of soil, should l % or less; < C30 concrete strength grade, the clod content should be 2% or less, frost resistance, impermeability requirements, its soil, content should be l % or less. The sand should have the test report.
2.1.3 stones (gravel and pebbles) : gravel particle size, size distribution and origin of shall comply with the requirements of concrete notice.
Stone needle, flake particle content: when the concrete strength grade C30 or higher, should be 15% or less; When the concrete strength grade is C25 ~ C15, should be 25% or less.
Stones of silt content (less than 0.8 mm of dust, the total content of silt and clay) : when the concrete strength grade C30 or higher, should be 1% or less; When the concrete strength grade is C25 ~ C15, should be 2% or less; When the concrete frost resistance, impermeability requirements, should be 1% or less.
Stone plaster content (greater than 5 mm of pure clay) : when the concrete strength grade C30 or higher, should be 0 5% or less; When the concrete strength grade < C30, should be 0.7% or less. When the concrete strength grade C10 or less, should l % or less.
Stone block report.
2.1.4 water: appropriate USES of drinking water. Other water, the water quality must conform to the "standard of concrete mixing water" (JGJ63 a 89).
2.1.5 admixture, the varieties, manufacturers of concrete admixtures used and the formulations of brand should comply with the notice requirements. Admixtures should have the factory quality certificate and instructions, and shall have the relevant indexes in the test report. Requirements prescribed by the state certification of products, but also should apply certificate. The dosage of admixture must have a test.
2.1.6 hybrid materials (mainly is mixing fly ash, also have the other composite materials, such as UEA expansive agent, zeolite powder, etc.) : the varieties of hybrid materials used, production manufacturers and the formulations of brand should comply with the notice requirements. Hybrid materials should have the factory quality certificate and instructions, and should be in the test report. Material must also be content in the mixture.
2.1.7 major equipment: apply to concrete mixer made preferred forced mixer, can be used in the mixer. The scale or electronic measuring equipment commonly used measuring equipment. Water metering meter can be used, time relay control meter or water tank water level meter. Feeding device has a two-wheeled cart, forklifts, loaders, sandstone lose hopper, etc., and other auxiliary equipment. Field test equipment, test equipment, such as slump test, etc.
2.2 operation conditions:
2.2.1 laboratory has issued notice of concrete with and convert them into every dish of actual use of proportion of construction, and published on the mixing ingredients location sign.
2.2.2 all raw materials through inspection, all should comply with the notice of proportion of the proposed requirements.
2.2.3 mixer and its form a complete set of equipment should be flexible, safe and reliable operation. Power supply and distribution system meets the requirements, safe and reliable.
2.2.4 all measuring instruments must have the validity of the test identification. Loadometer around here and clean up the sand, stone, sensitive and reliable measuring instruments and according to the construction mixture ratio on pounds by designated personnel.
2.2.5 of proportion of management personnel to the operation team, operating rules and safety technical disclosure.
2.2.6 need to be dealt with concrete engineering area has hidden inspection, preview procedures, the concrete application form has the approval of relevant management personnel.
2.2.7 of concrete of new orders, should be to identify the early morning. Early identification of the work and meets the requirements.
3 operation process
3.1 the basic technological process:


3.2 before the start of each affecting, the mixer and feeding equipment for inspection and test run; Inspection on the measuring instruments used and set pounds; Check construction mixture ratio; For raw materials used in specification, type, origin, brand and quality check, and check and construction mixture ratio; Inspection on the moisture content of sand, stone, if there is any change, inform the test personnel to adjust water consumption. All inspection requirements before opening mixing concrete.
3.3 measurement:
3.3.1 sand, stone measurement: use a trolley feeding, must car weighing, discharge is much less. Hopper and form a complete set of measuring equipment, the use of automatic or semi-automatic feeding, need to adjust doumen close people, to ensure accurate measurement. Sand, stone measurement deviation should be allowed + 3% or less.
3.3.2 rainfall distribution on 10-12 measurement: cement mixing when using bagged cement, the cement in the approach of each lot should be random 10 bags of weight, and measure the actual average weight of each bag. To drive less than the calibration of the weight of bag up, or to the actual cement weight of each bag, adjust the dose of sand, stone, water and other materials, according to the mixture ratio of * ratio to determine the proportion of every plate of concrete construction. Stir in the case of bulk cement, should every plate of precise measurement. Cement measurement deviation should be allowed + 2% or less.
3.3.3 admixture and mixture of measurement: the powder admixture and mixture, should according to the construction of each plate material, the admixture and mixture storage warehouse in advance measure, and in small packaging to stir site. Set aside. Liquid admixtures to stir increases with the increasing use and balance to check its concentration, dosage of bucket of measurement. Admixtures, mixture of measurement deviation should be allowed to plus or minus 2% or less.
3.3.4 water metering: must dish measurement, the deviation should be allowed to plus or minus 2% or less.
3.4 feeding: on-site mixing concrete, usually in measure of good raw materials collected in the first hopper, the scripture hopper into the mixing drum. In water and liquid admixture after measurement, to feed in the mixing drum at the same time, directly into the mixing drum. On the collection of raw materials into the hopper of the sequence is as follows:
3.4.1 track when no admixture, mixture, in turn into the hopper of the order for the stone, cement and sand.
3.4.2 when mixing the mixture, the order of gravel, sand, cement, mixture.
Rule 3.4.3 when mixing dry powder admixture, the order for the stone, admixture, cement, sand into the order for gravel, cement, sand and additive.
3.5 the first set of concrete mixing operation:
Every time mixing the first set of concrete work, first add enough water to make the mixing drum idle for several minutes, after mixing barrel is full moisture, pour the remaining water net.
Stir the first set, due to a mortar stick wall loss, therefore, the dosage of the stones should be according to the mixture ratio in half.
Starting from the second set, according to a given mixture feeding.
3.6 mixing time control: concrete mixing the shortest time should be according to table 4 to 28 control.
Concrete mixing in the shortest time (s) table 4 to 28
Mixer out shoes (L)
< 250 > 250 ~ 500, 500
Forced to 60, 90, 120
Since the fall, 90, 120, 150
Forced 60 60, 90
Since the fall, 90, 90, 120
Note: l) the shortest time refers to the concrete mixing, since all materials in mixing drum to stop discharging time to start;
2. When mixed with admixture, stirring time should be extended appropriately;
3. When the winter construction stirring time should be 1.5 times that of the normal temperature mixing time.

3.7 discharge, discharge, first a little discharge, visual appearance quality of mixture, such as visual inspection qualified before discharging. Each plate of concrete mixture must be made.
3.8 concrete mixing quality inspection:
3.8.1 inspection on raw materials used in mixing concrete variety, specifications and usage, each working class at least twice a day.
3.8.2 inspection of concrete slump and workability, each working class at least twice a day. Concrete mixture should stir well, the same color, good liquidity, adhesiveness and water retention, no bleeding, segregation. Should look for reason, is not in conformity with the requirements, timely adjust.
3.8.3 work in each class, when the changes of concrete due to outside influences have (e.g., rain or raw material have change), should be timely to check.
3.8.4 concrete mixing time should check at any time.
3.8.5 according to the following provisions lien block:
3.8.5.1 100 per mixing disc and no more than 100 m3 with mixing proportion of concrete of the sample shall not be less than once a year.
3.8.5.2 each class of concrete mixing with the mixture ratio of less than 100 plate, the sample shall not be less than once a year.
3.8.5.3 of cast-in-situ concrete structure, each cast-in-place floor with the mixture ratio of concrete, the sample shall not be less than once a year.
3.8.5.4 have concrete impermeability requirements, shall be retained by the regulation permeability test block.
Each sampling should be set aside at least a set of standard specimen, with the number set of condition maintenance of specimen to be retained. According to the requirement of technical disclosure. In order to ensure the lien block representative, shall be after the third set to mixing between 30 min before the end of the sampling.
Winter construction of concrete mixing 3.9:
3.9.1 outdoor continuous 5 d stability is lower than the average daily temperature 5 ℃, concrete mixing dong shi measures should be taken, and shall take the temperature drops suddenly anti-freezing measures in a timely manner.
3.9.2 formulate concrete winter construction, should first selection of Portland cement and ordinary Portland cement and cement mark should not be less than 425, minimum dosage of cement should not be less than 300 kg/m3, water cement ratio should not be greater than 0.6.
3.9.3 winter construction without chlorine salt should be used antifreeze, to require high frost resistance of concrete. Appropriate use of air-entraining agent and air-entraining water reducing agent. Such as chlorine salt mixed with antifreeze, should strictly control the dosage, and strictly implement the regulations on chlorine salt mixed with antifreeze.
3.9.4 concrete aggregate used must be clean and shall not contain ice, snow and freezing and frost crack of minerals.
3.9.5 winter mixing concrete should first adopt the method of heating water. Water and the heating temperature aggregate shall be determined according to the computation, but shall not exceed the given in table 4 to 29.
The highest temperature mixing water and aggregate table 4 to 29
Project mixing water bone material
Label size is less than 525 ordinary Portland cement, slag Portland cement 60 ℃ 80 ℃
Label is more than 525 ordinary Portland cement, slag Portland cement 60 ℃ and 40 ℃

Cement shall not directly heated, and should be transported into the greenhouses in storage before use.
When the aggregate is not heated, water can be heated to 100 ℃, the cement should not be direct contact with water of above 80 ℃. Release order first in aggregate and have heated water, and then put into cement.
3.9.6 concrete mixing, hot water or steam washing mixer, mixing time should be take the normal temperature of 1. 5 times. Concrete mixture of temperature should not be below 10 ℃, the machine into the mold temperature is not less than 5 ℃.
3.9.7 winter concrete mixing quality inspection in addition to comply with the provisions of article 3.8, still should make the following checks:
3.9.7.1 check the dosage of admixture.
3.9.7.2 measuring water and additive solution and aggregate the temperature of the heating temperature and join mixer.
3.9.7.3 when measuring the concrete mixer discharge temperature and pouring temperature.
Check every working class shall be measured at least four times.
3.9.7.4 lien of concrete block, besides should comply with the provisions of article 3.8.5 still should add not less than two set of condition maintenance of specimen with structure, respectively used to verify that the concrete strength and before the cold into a room temperature curing 28 d strength of concrete.
4 quality standards
4.1 ensure projects:
4.4.1 concrete used in cement, aggregate, admixture, mixture of specifications, varieties and quality must comply with the provisions of the relevant standards.
Inspection method: inspect raw materials factory certificate and test report.
4.1.2 the strength of the concrete evaluation should comply with the requirements.
Inspection methods: inspection of concrete block strength test report and strength assessment data.
4.2 the basic items:
2 should mix concrete, consistent color, good workability.
Inspection method: to observe the examination.
4.2.2 the slump of concrete mixture should comply with the requirements.
Inspection methods: field testing and checking construction records.
Holdings winter construction, the heating temperature of water, aggregate and concrete mixture out of the machine temperature should comply with the requirements.
Inspection methods: field testing and checking construction records.
5 quality problems should be paid attention to
5.1 strength of concrete strength is insufficient or uneven, the intensity of deviation is large, is often happened quality problem, is the quality problem of the structure safety. To prevent this quality problem requires a comprehensive treatment, in addition to transportation, pouring and curing of concrete shall strictly control the each link, pay special attention in concrete mixing phase. To control the quality of all kinds of materials. To seriously implement the mixture ratio, strict raw material ingredients measurement.
5.2 the quality problem of the concrete crack is often occur. For many reasons. In mixing stage, if the silt sand, stone, water consumption, the use of outdated cement or cement dosage too much and so on, is likely to be caused by concrete shrinkage crack. So in mixing stage, still need to strictly control the quality of raw materials, carefully implement the mixture ratio, strict measurement.
5.3 the poor mixture workability of concrete, slump does not conform to the requirements. There are many reasons for this kind of quality problem. The biggest influence of water-cement ratio; The second is gravel gradation is poor, needle, flake particle content is too much; The third is the stirring time is too short or too long to wait. The solution from the above three aspects.
5.4 winter concrete construction prone to frost damage. The solution is to conscientiously implement the relevant provisions of the dong shi, in mixing phase aggregate and water heating temperature, assure the temperatures of coagulation factory of the machine.
5.5 to pay attention to the storage of cement, admixture, mixture. Cement should be cement silo, prevent the rain and be affected with damp be affected with damp; The cement in the factory for more than three months should be a second interview. To prevent be affected with damp be affected with damp and metamorphism, admixture, mixture to specifications, variety store, respectively, in order to prevent misuse.
6 quality records
This technology standard should have the following quality records:
6.1 the cement factory quality certification.
6.2 cement in test report.
6.3 additive factory quality certification.
Dosage of 6.4 admixture in the test report and test report.
6.5 mixture factory quality certification.
6.6 dosage of mixture in the test report and test report.
6.7 the sand test report.
6.8 stone test report.
6.9 concrete of notice.
6.10 concrete block strength test report.
6.11 concrete strength evaluation records.
6.12 concrete construction log (including winter logs).
6.13 concrete early identification.